Exam 2

Question 1

Classical conditioning

Answer 1

A learning procedure in which associations are made between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus

Question 2

Neutral stimulus

Answer 2

A stimulus that does not elicit any part of an unconditioned response

Question 3

Unconditioned stimulus

Answer 3

An event that elicits a certain predictable response typically without previous training

Question 4

Unconditioned response

Answer 4

An organism’s automatic reaction to a stimulus

Question 5

Conditioned response

Answer 5

Learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus

Question 6

Generalization

Answer 6

Responding similarly to a range of similar stimuli

Question 7

Discrimination

Answer 7

The ability to respond differently to similar but distinct stimuli

Question 8

Extinction

Answer 8

Be gradual disappearance of a conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without unconditioned stimulus

Question 9

Operant conditioning

Answer 9

Learning and which a certain action is reinforced or punished, resulting in corresponding increases or decreases in occurrence

Question 10

Reinforcement

Answer 10

Stimulus or event that follows a response and increases the likelihood that the response will be repeated

Question 11

Secondary reinforcer

Answer 11

Stimulus such as money that becomes rewarding through its link through with a primary reinforcer

Question 12

Primary reinforcer

Answer 12

Stimulus that is naturally rewarding, such as food or water

Question 13

Shaping

Answer 13

Technique in which the desired behavior is “molded” by first rewarding any act similar to that behavior and then requiring ever closer approximations to the desired behavior before giving the reward

Question 14

Response chains

Answer 14

Learned reactions that follow one another in sequence, each reaction producing the signal for the next

Question 15

Aversive control

Answer 15

Process of influencing behavior by means of unpleasant stimuli

Question 16

Negative reinforcement

Answer 16

Increasing the strength of a given response by removing or preventing a painful stimulus when the response occurs

Question 17

Escape conditioning

Answer 17

Training of an organism to remove or terminate an unpleasant stimulus

Question 18

Avoidance conditioning

Answer 18

Training of an organism to respond so as to prevent the occurrence of an unpleasant stimulus

Question 19

Social learning

Answer 19

Process of altering behavior by observing and imitating the behaviors of others

Question 20

Latent learning

Answer 20

Alteration of a behavioral tendency that is not demonstrated by an immediate observable changes in behavior

Question 21

Storage

Answer 21

The process by which information is maintained over a period of time

Question 22

Retrieval

Answer 22

The process of obtaining information that has been stored in memory

Question 23

Sensory memory

Answer 23

A very brief memory storage immediately following initial stimulation of a receptor

Question 24

Short-term memory

Answer 24

Memory that is limited in capacity to about seven items in in duration by the subjects’s active rehearsal

Question 25

Maintenance rehearsal

Answer 25

A system for remembering that involves repairing information to oneself without attempting to find meaning in it

Question 26

Semantic memory

Answer 26

Knowledge of languages, including its rules, words, and meanings

Question 27

Episodic memory

Answer 27

Chronological retention of the events of one’s life

Question 28

Declarative memory

Answer 28

Store knowledge that can be called forth consciously as needed

Question 29

Procedural memory

Answer 29

Permanent storage of learned skills that does not require conscious recollection

Question 30

Recall

Answer 30

Memory retrieval in which a person reconstructs previously learned material

Question 31

Recognition

Answer 31

February retrieval in which a person identifies an object, idea, or situation as one he or she has not yet experienced

Question 32

Reconstructive processes

Answer 32

The alteration of a recalled memory that may be simplified, enriched, or distorted, depending on and an individual’s experiences, attitudes, or inferences

Question 33

Confabulation

Answer 33

The act of filling in memory gaps

Question 34

Eidetic memory

Answer 34

The ability to remember with great accuracy visual information on basis of short-term exposure

Question 35

Elaborative rehearsal

Answer 35

The linking of new information to material that is already known

Question 36

Image

Answer 36

A visual, mental representation of an event or object

Question 37

Symbol

Answer 37

An abstract unit of thought that represents an object or quality; anything that stands for or represents something else

Question 38

Rule

Answer 38

A statement of relation between concepts

Question 39

Algorithm

Answer 39

A step-by-step procedure for solving a problem

Question 40

Heuristics

Answer 40

A rule of thumb problem solving strategy

Question 41

Mental set

Answer 41

Habitual strategy or pattern of problem solving

Question 42

Functional fixedness

Answer 42

The inability to imagine new uses for a familiar object

Question 43

Language

Answer 43

The expression of ideas through symbols and sounds that are arranged according to rules

Question 44

Semantics

Answer 44

The study of meaning in language

Question 45

Syntax

Answer 45

Language rules that govern how words can be combined to form meaningful phrases and sentences