Exam 2 Flashcards
Classical conditioning
A learning procedure in which associations are made between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus
Neutral stimulus
A stimulus that does not elicit any part of an unconditioned response
Unconditioned stimulus
An event that elicits a certain predictable response typically without previous training
Unconditioned response
An organism’s automatic reaction to a stimulus
Conditioned response
Learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus
Generalization
Responding similarly to a range of similar stimuli
Discrimination
The ability to respond differently to similar but distinct stimuli
Extinction
Be gradual disappearance of a conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without unconditioned stimulus
Operant conditioning
Learning and which a certain action is reinforced or punished, resulting in corresponding increases or decreases in occurrence
Reinforcement
Stimulus or event that follows a response and increases the likelihood that the response will be repeated
Secondary reinforcer
Stimulus such as money that becomes rewarding through its link through with a primary reinforcer
Primary reinforcer
Stimulus that is naturally rewarding, such as food or water
Shaping
Technique in which the desired behavior is “molded” by first rewarding any act similar to that behavior and then requiring ever closer approximations to the desired behavior before giving the reward
Response chains
Learned reactions that follow one another in sequence, each reaction producing the signal for the next
Aversive control
Process of influencing behavior by means of unpleasant stimuli
Negative reinforcement
Increasing the strength of a given response by removing or preventing a painful stimulus when the response occurs
Escape conditioning
Training of an organism to remove or terminate an unpleasant stimulus
Avoidance conditioning
Training of an organism to respond so as to prevent the occurrence of an unpleasant stimulus
Social learning
Process of altering behavior by observing and imitating the behaviors of others
Latent learning
Alteration of a behavioral tendency that is not demonstrated by an immediate observable changes in behavior
Storage
The process by which information is maintained over a period of time
Retrieval
The process of obtaining information that has been stored in memory
Sensory memory
A very brief memory storage immediately following initial stimulation of a receptor
Short-term memory
Memory that is limited in capacity to about seven items in in duration by the subjects’s active rehearsal
Maintenance rehearsal
A system for remembering that involves repairing information to oneself without attempting to find meaning in it
Semantic memory
Knowledge of languages, including its rules, words, and meanings
Episodic memory
Chronological retention of the events of one’s life
Declarative memory
Store knowledge that can be called forth consciously as needed
Procedural memory
Permanent storage of learned skills that does not require conscious recollection
Recall
Memory retrieval in which a person reconstructs previously learned material
Recognition
February retrieval in which a person identifies an object, idea, or situation as one he or she has not yet experienced
Reconstructive processes
The alteration of a recalled memory that may be simplified, enriched, or distorted, depending on and an individual’s experiences, attitudes, or inferences
Confabulation
The act of filling in memory gaps
Eidetic memory
The ability to remember with great accuracy visual information on basis of short-term exposure
Elaborative rehearsal
The linking of new information to material that is already known
Image
A visual, mental representation of an event or object
Symbol
An abstract unit of thought that represents an object or quality; anything that stands for or represents something else
Rule
A statement of relation between concepts
Algorithm
A step-by-step procedure for solving a problem
Heuristics
A rule of thumb problem solving strategy
Mental set
Habitual strategy or pattern of problem solving
Functional fixedness
The inability to imagine new uses for a familiar object
Language
The expression of ideas through symbols and sounds that are arranged according to rules
Semantics
The study of meaning in language
Syntax
Language rules that govern how words can be combined to form meaningful phrases and sentences
