Exam 2 Flashcards
T or F
The periosteum of bone is avascular and non-innervated.
F
T or F
The matrix of spongy bone is arranged in small tubular structural units called osteons.
F
T or F
The term osteoid refers to the mineralized extracellular matrix of compact bone tissue.
F
T or F
Collagen is the most common fiber found in bone tissue.
T
T or F
Osteoclast activity releases calcium ions from bone matrix (HINT: think about what osteoclasts do).
T
T or F
The inorganic components of bone matrix responsible for the hardness and resistance to compression seen in bone tissue are mineral salts called hydroxyapatites.
T
T or F
Skeletal muscle tissue does not require nervous system stimulation for contraction to occur.
F
T or F
Perimysium refers to the connective tissue sheathing that covers the exterior of muscle fibers.
F
T or F
Skeletal muscle fibers contain multiple nuclei.
T
T or F
The release of calcium ions within a muscle cell must occur before cross-bridge formation between actin and myosin myofilaments can occur.
T
T or F
Sarcomeres are present in smooth muscle cells, but they do not possess actin and myosin.
F
T or F
The process of peristalsis is primarily controlled by skeletal muscle.
F
T or F
The cell membrane of a muscle fiber is called an endosteum.
F
Definition of Canaliculi
Small channels that radiate through osteons
Definition of Trabeculae
Basic structural units of spongy bone
Definition of Lamellae
Layers of bone matrix
Definition of Osteoclasts
Cells that can dissolve the bony matrix
Definition of Osteogenic cells
Mitotically active stem cells found in bone membranes; give rise to other bone cells
Definition of Osteoblasts
Cells that produce bone matrix
Definition of Osteons
Basic structural units of long bone
Definition of Sarcolemma
The plasma membrane of a skeletal muscle cell
Definition of Sarcoplasmic reticulum
An elaborate smooth ER found in skeletal muscle cells; surrounds each myofibril
Definition of Myofibril
Rod-like contractile elements that occupy most of a skeletal muscle cell’s volume
Definition of Myofilament
The most common are actin and myosin
Definition of Muscle fiber
A skeletal muscle cell
Definition of Z discs
The sides/ends of a sarcomere; actin myofilament
“ropes” are attached to them
Description of Synarthroses
Immovable joints
Description of Fibrous joints
A joint formed by dense fibrous connective tissue
Description of Diarthroses
Freely movable joints
Description of Amphiarthroses
Slightly movable joints
Description of Cartilaginous joints
A joint formed by cartilage
Description of Synovial joints
A joint in which the bones are separated by a fluid filled cavity
The canal that runs through the core of an osteon contains what?
blood vessels and nerve fibers
What kind of tissue is the forerunner of the skull bones in the embryo?
fibrous connective tissue
Lengthwise long bone growth during infancy and youth is achieved exclusively through what?
interstitial growth of the epiphyseal plates
What hormone is the most important regulator of bone growth during infancy and childhood?
Growth Hormone
Where does the terminal axon (“nerve ending”) of a somatic motor neuron directly release its neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction?
Into the synaptic cleft
The major function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in a muscle fiber is what?
Storage and release of calcium ions
What process provides a muscle cell with the most energy?
Aerobic cellular respiration
Which of the following processes could occur in the skeleton of a 54-year-old person?
Appositional growth
