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anth 121 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are sports and games?

A

Meaningless question because difference between sports and games is subjective

So we should rephrase to ask what are the social and cultural aspects of sports?

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2
Q

Perspectives on sport

A

Sport as play: emphasizes the spontaneous, instructed, and imaginative aspects of sports, fostering creativity and enjoyment

Sport as ritual: highlights the symbolic and cultural significance of sports, often involving community participation, creates shared experiences, and invokes a sense of collective identity

Sports as games: focuses on structured, rule-based nature of sports, requiring strategic thinking, skill development…

Sport as society: drawing connections between sport and political, economic, social, and cultural forces within the broader society

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3
Q

DJ Shub

A

Games: Dancing
Ritual: food, regalia
Society: a broader economy develops around this

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4
Q

What are issues for study of ancient sports

A

Ivory towers: tendency for academics to see sports as frivolous. But Smit argues that sports can be a window onto society

Tendency to view ancients as different from us moderns. So researchers sometimes see sport as a recent phenomenon
And sports found in the past are sometimes reframed to spirituality or ritual event. This has to do with capitalism and consumption

Methodologies: artifacts

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5
Q

Neighborhood definition

A

From Pacifico integrative residential landscapes within broader dense populations OR a residential zone that has considerable face to face interaction

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6
Q

Why do neighborhoods form?

A

Ultimate causes: (deep patterns of social interaction); neighborhoods are stress management because our biology limits our social networking because of memory limitations and stress about how many people we want to know

proximate causes: day to day realities of their formation
sociality/defense, admin, and control/surveillance

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7
Q

Types of Neighborhood formation

A

top-down: driven by legal, central authority
bottom-up: example is ethnic enclaves

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8
Q

Caylan Peru is case study of

A

neighborhoods

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9
Q

Caylan, Peru

location?
events in time period?

city features?

neighborhoods

A

between coast and River valley

Chavin de Huantar starts to decline (supported by declines in Chavin ceramic)
and more defensive features in Central Andes, more interpersonal violence = instability when Caylan formed

irrigated valley but city on plain above
uniform street size
many defensive towers and defensive walls
llama caravans
trade point because mountains and coast

neighborhoods were in multifamily housing; more neighborhood scale because its larger than 1 household
had walls like gated communities
house organization shows that if hosting people in the plaza, then they can’t see the living corridors *things were separate

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10
Q

Cahokia neighborhoods

A

Betzenhauser: L and T shaped structures for medicine bundles and for non-human things which shows cosmology of Cahokia because they believe that nonliving things can be alive BUT were not residential because no trash from eating and pooping

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11
Q

Teotihuacan

size
location
fire ceremony

no evidence of what?

neighborhoods

tunnels

A

one of largest city in America’s
central Mexico
fire ceremony that shows that the fire is coming from Teo

no evidence of individual rulers so a more equal large city

neighborhoods were basic social units with dormitory, storeroom, kitchen, etc. and a ritual courtyard to celebrate family patron god
Ethnic barrios: on the periphery and had different food, murals, and funerary practices which are similar to Oaxaca *people moved from other cities to Teo to be a part of craft sector to make obsidian and jewelry

tunnels from temple to temple –> highlights level of engineering

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11
Q

Teotihuacan is what civilization?

A

Aztec

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12
Q

Why is trade important?

A

Material record of interaction

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13
Q

3 perspectives on trade

A

adaptationist perspectives
political perspectives
commercial perspectives

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14
Q

do pots equal people?

A

no

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15
Q

adaptationist perspective on trade

A

way to solve a problem (ex: 1 grow lots of beans, so I will trade with your lots of corn to have a more complete diet)

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16
Q

political perspectives on trade

A

trade is how elites in society gain power (Inca)

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17
Q

commercial perspectives on trade

A

trade is a part of human nature so there aren’t really questions about it

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18
Q

homo economicus

A

human economist (we are all people that are trying to max or gain at all times)

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19
Q

3 economic forms of trade

A

reciprocity
redistribution
market exchange

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20
Q

reciprocity trade

A

gift exchange
2 individuals or groups pass goods back and forth with the goal to create, maintain, or strengthen social relationships
*not about the gift itself but more about how it affects social relationships

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21
Q

redistribution trade

A

central point and goods move to point and goods move out (point probable factory or storage)
Incan storehouses

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22
Q

market exchange trade

A

forces of supply and demand determine costs and prices
goods or services are sold for money which is used to buy other goods
ultimate goal of acquiring more money and more goods
govern many goods of our society

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23
Q

hau of the gift

A

spirit of the gift
see the gifts as obligations not necessarily generosity, because you can’t keep the taonga (present)

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24
Q

4 approaches to detect markets in the past

A

contextual: inferring a market on logical inference (ex: looking for markets because is the most efficient way to supply people)
spatial: inferring a market on spatial patterns (see if goods travel far distances)
configurational: directly inferring a market
distributional: inferring a market based on household activities (looking at consumption rather than production)

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25
Q

What is commercialization?

A

what could be bought or sold on the market according to legal, political, or moral beliefs of a society
ex: Aztec societies have markets but land cannot be commercialized/sold

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26
Q

formalism/modernist view on trade

A

trade is universal and there is continuity; trade is a fundamental aspect of human nature with quantitative modeling; markets are everywhere

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27
Q

Substantivist/Primitivist view on trade

A
  • Particular
  • Ruptures (development of capitalism is rupture in human existence, so we can’t apply our capitalistic markets to the past)
  • Cultural
  • “Embedded”
  • Qualitative
  • Household scale
  • True markets only recently
    (capitalism)

critique is that it is “othering” the past

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28
Q

What is a political economy?

expansive vs city-states examples

A

How does power affect the distribution of resources within a society? and vice versa

Expansive empire: Aztec, Inca, Roman
city-states: Mayan and Greek

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29
Q

Aztec economy

nature of commerce?
commodity trade at marketplace

A

not capitalist (no land or labor commercialization)
difficult transportation costs because no horses, cows, or domesticated animals

commodity trade at marketplace:
“Center of Aztec life”
rotating cycles of goods 5,9,13,20 day cycles depending on distance
^as a way to control resources
similar patterns across Aztec empire

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30
Q

Case study: Otumba

A

typical Aztec town
beads, pottery, obsidian
temple with elite residences, plaza, marketplace

neighborhoods organized by crafts and household production

provides a window into scale by good type, allows to a perspective on class differences

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31
Q

Incan empire economies

A

no centralized marketplaces/trading
greater state admin of the economy

Incan state symbolically and materially controlled right to labor or “taxes” through massive feasts
2 types of finance: wealth (labor goods like gold or cloth) OR staple finance (ag foodstuffs)

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32
Q

Incan case study for economies

A

Huanico

hills are lined with small buildings for storage of food
*Incan controlled economy by efficient roads whereas Aztec get around transportation costs by cyclic markets

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33
Q

Mayan economies

resources?
evidence of economies?

A

elite controlled gift networks

specialization at the community level

widespread and regional markets

resources are diverse but rare and no rivers in Peninsula so they traded on multiple levels: 1 level was local commodities and 2 was elite gift exchange network

evidence: mural depictions and certain communities have no evidence of farming so must have traded to get food

34
Q

Chocolate money?

A

Mayan economies used chocolate as money; used for only 1 type of goods

35
Q

What is Sacbeob?

A

In mayan markets, it is a causeway that doesn’t wash away in floods; important for trade networks

36
Q

Mayan marketplaces

where?
goods?

A

large plazas with different locations that maybe suggest different degrees of control

goods are food and demography and textiles sometimes used as money

37
Q

Compare Aztec, Inka, and Mayan economies:

A

Aztec: regional production/exchange of goods, tools, textiles; less emphasis on food because easier to farm and higher transport costs; cyclic goods; markets attempted go under elite control

Inca: administered economy, wealth and staple finance, no markets; roads address transport problem

Mayan: widespread and extremely integrated markets; too diverse to make difference between elites and markets

38
Q

Who are the traders?

A

Andes = mindalaes
Mesoamerica = pochtecas

Both 2018
North America = esnesves –> indigenous oral traditions about esnesv; provided indigenous perspectives on ancient exchange and diplomacy and is an *alternative to elite-controlled trade models; *spread culture and cosmology

39
Q

What is collapse?

overshoot?

A

Collapse is rapid loss of an established level of socio-political, and/or economic complexity

Overshoot: outcome when a trajectory is unsustainable for environmental technical, or social reasons (think Malthusian trap)

40
Q

Collapse in demography vs complexity context

A

collapse is population loss
complexity sees collapse as elite collapse

41
Q

decline vs political collapse vs socio-cultural collapse vs resilience

A

Decline = things going to hell
political collapse = when things go to hell to the extent that major political institutions cease to function
Social-cultural collapse = if things go so completely to hell that the culture loses coherence and the major defining elements and dimensions of that culture disappear
resilience = after collapse, there is a giving way to a new transformed social entity

42
Q

Collapse studies

A

Based on Roman Empire fall
early focus on moral decay and external pressures
multidisciplinary field (History, anti, ecology, Econ)
theories relate to climate change, population dynamics, warfare

43
Q

Collapse studies in popular science

A

Jared Diamond’s “Collapse: how societies choose to fail or succeed”
focus on environmental factors and resource management
examines historical cases and contemporary societies
raises awareness and stimulates public discussion on collapse
critiques: oversimplification and lack of nuance

44
Q

factors for collapse studies

A

environmental factors (climate change, resource loss)
social (inequality, conflict)
economic (unsustainable growth)
political (ineffective leadership, external threats)

44
Q

Collapse studies in Archaelogy

A

Anthropologist and historian Tainter
theory of diminishing marginal returns on complexity
societal collapse as a result of increasing complexity: societies grow more complex to solve problems, increased complexity requires more resources and energy and complexity results in centralized control system, *the point of diminishing returns leads to vulnerability: as societies become bigger, more problems occur like having enough resources

cons: creating a universal narrative because it treats all human societies as the same and fit a specific narrative, AND has an economics perspective and anth is NOT a business; AND complexity is vague, what does it mean when it applied to human societies

45
Q

McAnny “Questioning Collapse” and Yoffee

A

Critique of deterministic and simplistic collapse narratives

emphasizes resilience, regeneration, and transformation
societies adapt in the face of challenges
multidisciplinary approach
encourages nuanced understanding and avoids pessimistic or alarmist views

46
Q

Methods to study collapse:

A

settlement patterns: tracking changes in population distribution and urbanization

stratigraphy: identifying layers of destruction, abandonment

paleodemography: estimating population sizes and changing through skeletal remains

resource management analysis: examining land use and ag practices

warfare and conflict evidence: identify patterns of violence and social unrest

architectural decline: changes in building quality and scale

47
Q

Case study of collapse: Rapa Nui (Easter Island)

A

ag systems and artistic expression
grew sweet potatoes, yams, and bananas

what happened?
dramatic decline in pop and socio-political complexity
deforestation and ecological degradation
disappearance of moat-carving tradition
internal conflicts and possible warfare
European contact in 1722 and subsequent disruptions

classic perspective: overpopulation led to deforestation and depletion of resources which led to societal decline; competition for scarce resources led to warfare and internal conflict *argues main cause unsustainable practices

Popular: big pop, deforestation, clan warfare, famine and pop collapse, then Europeans arrived

recent perspective: emphasis on resilience and adaptability of Rapa Nut society, reevaluation of deforestation and its impact on the pop; *impact of external factors like European contact which introduced diseases

after isotope analysis, paleobotanical studies for ancient vegetation and land use, and ethnohistorical research –> new timeline: pop grows that causes deforestation but pop remains static at max pop level then Europeans arrive

48
Q

Cahokia collapse

A

Cahokia probably didn’t collapse, it likely just changed

What happened?
significant depopulation in the American bottom, abrupt shift away from centralized power so maybe Cahokia ideologies were fragmenting and less mound building

Perspectives: conflict (little evidence), land overuse (but Cahokia had been deforested for a while), or floods wiped out or Cahokia lost power bc of floods (is it social or environmental cause)

49
Q

3 important notes for studying collapse

A

Definitions of civilization, culture, what changed and collapsed?

Chronology: problems of temporality

data: definitions and measurement

50
Q

What’s wrong with saying Mayan Collapse?

A

implies that it was a top-down breakdown

51
Q

What happened at Maya?

A

transformed to a more decentralized society with less inequality with smaller regional centers, dispersed population, more artisan classes

why?
environmental changes (drought, deforestation), political instability, trade routes and cultural exchange, external invasions

52
Q

Maya collapse theories: Warfare

A

increased warfare led to central urban decline

evidenced by forts and defensive structures in Late Classic cities, increased frequency of war-related imagery and texts, destruction of monuments and buildings associated with warfare, archaeological evidence of violent deaths and injuries

Critiques: warfare already existed in their history AND is warfare a cause or is it an effect

53
Q

Maya collapse theories: Climate change

A

Theory: drought created a sustainability issue

evidenced by paleo-climate data, reduction and ag productivity and food supply, increased pressure on water resources –> social unrest

critiques: Mayan civilization experienced droughts throughout its history yet persisted, not all experienced same degree of climate change, already had adaptation strategies

54
Q

Stickball

Names
rules
purpose
legacies

A

Names:
anesto (Cherokee)
Little Brother of War (Choctaw and others)
many others

Rules: very diverse

purpose: multifaceted, training, community, exchange

legacies: lacrosse, contemporary community

55
Q

sga-du-gi

what does stickball do for the community?

A

the community, everybody’s working together

stickball for the community:
cultural preservation (song, dance, spirit); sense of community (from war to peace, conflict resolution, maintains social networks); ethnic identity affirmation: identity and athletic performance

56
Q

Stickball and lacrosse

A

Haudenosaunee Confederation,
Tewaarathon, and the Creator began to shift to more of a sport as conversion to Christianity increased

then William Beers in 1860 wrote the first written rules that made changes to the game; important for Canadian nationalism

57
Q

MesoAm ball game

location
origin
body

A

Pan-mesoamerican sport
generally evolved as a team sport that involved a single rubber ball made of pure rubber (very heavy; could break bones), played on a linear court that is i shaped
hips rather than hands
played with large stone structures (normally i-form)
sometimes a ring was used (Maya Chicken Itza)

sometimes played in regalia; connectivity to spirituality in the world; sometimes involved sacrifice
El Dorado film

58
Q

viewing of Mesoam ball game

A

at Teotihuacan, people watched at raised areas, there was an audience which is important because a sport for an audience creates a sense of community and shows that it had a role beyond play or fun

over time for general spectators, the stands get larger, there is more space for more people to watch, artifacts suggest class differences and there are luxury viewing boxes

At totocapan, lateral mounds have the best view of the game and after GIS analysis, they found that there was intentional class separation

59
Q

popul vuh

A

Maya origin story(K’iche’)
recorded by Spanish priest

key part of popul vuh is when 2 twins travel to underworld to play the Mayan gods of death in a ballgame; idea that when the squash head falls that those seeds are the start of ag –> role of trickery and trust in natural world
*ballgame is extremely important and connected to death

60
Q

what do origin stories tell us?

A

values, fears, behaviors

61
Q

Etlatongo

A

earliest known ball court in the highlands
found figures with rubber belts for striking the ball
ceramics though were from the coastal region so debate continues

62
Q

Why is religion so hard to study?

A

because it is understanding the beliefs in people’s heads and how they change

usually end up studying ritual technologies and materialization of ideology

63
Q

pragmatic approach to study religion

A

What does religion do? aka focus on the archaeology of behaviors

64
Q

Shamans origin and Santa

A

shamans were Siberian indigenous ritual specialists that were for healing/divination and trance states

there is not really a connection to the indigenous americas

Santa was associated with red and white mushrooms because of a story that Santa was a healer and would fly through air on reindeer

65
Q

flower worlds

2 themes

Case study:

A

Uto-Aztecan and Maya linguistic groups
floral metaphors
floral creation “Flower mountain” (people emerged from Earth from flower mountain)

2 themes:
1) sensory pleasure and abundance
2) militaristic ideology; Aztec “flower wars” (ritual fights and people would get captured and sacrificed)

Copan (Maya city)
pollen analysis at tombs and temples –> Maize, Cattails, Cool, and Esquisuchil flowers; these flowers represent different themes

66
Q

Folk and State religion

A

Folk religion: beliefs of everyday people, durable, adaptable, difficult to change

State religion: how states and empires draw upon folk religion to legitimize and maximize their political power

67
Q

Incan religion: Wak’as

A

Wak’as: sacred places and objects that are imbued with spiritual power and essential for maintaining balance between physical and spiritual worlds
*is more like spirit that can inhabit different objects

priests and other religious officials responsible for maintaining and performing rituals at each site

68
Q

Ceques

A

system of imaginary lines radiating out from Cusco; 41 cues or “sacred rays” sometimes used as a calendar

each cheque included several huacas (sacred sites) like fountains, rocks, temples

ceque system played important role in Inka religion and cosmology by organizing and connecting the physical and spiritual worlds

69
Q

3 parts of archaeology past meeting the indigenous present

A

Heritage (heirlooms, stories, food that help us connect)
Tourism
Repatriation

70
Q

Global heritage

A

Some sites are so important that they belong to everyone because considered to be such a huge achievement

71
Q

Liverpool and Bramley-Moore Dock

A

Significant role in human history bc of cranes

UNESCO let docks become world heritage site

72
Q

Types of world heritage site

A

Natural like Amazon
Cultural
Endangered

73
Q

Outstanding universal value

A

Criteria to be a world heritage site, hard to define because definition is vague

Ex: masterpiece of human creative genus
Changes in architecture, technology, landscape design
Exceptional testimony to cultural tradition or civilization
Outstanding example of how architecture, tech, landscape illustrates a stage of human existence
Outstanding example of traditional human settlement or land use is representative of cultures or environment
Natural beauty
Significance in earth’s geologic time

74
Q

Benefits to world heritage site

A

Brand value
Protection
State support

75
Q

Tourism definition

A

How is past communicated?

76
Q

Archaeological tourism

A

Next machu pichu
Pros:
Revenue
Local/National pride
Authentic knowledge

Cons:
Damage
Desertification or exotification

77
Q

Repatriation definition

A

Who owns the past?

78
Q

NAGPRA legislation

A

Protect graves and control archaeological excavations on federal and tribal land
Became framework for how human burials could be returned
Made the trading of burials illegal

Has returned 40k human remains but still hundreds of thousands left

Issues is that only gives back items to nationally recognized tribes

79
Q

The Ancient One

A

Remains found by Kennewick river in WA.
9k years old so archaeologists said that it’s too old to figure out which tribe
Did facial reconstruction which was considered white
Courts ruled do DNA test and found remains belonged to Native Americans and returned to tribe

80
Q

Who must comply with NAGPRA?
Who can claim?
Objects?

A

Federal agencies and museums

Lineal descendants and Indian Tribes

Human remains
Funerary objects
Sacred objects (for Native Am religion)
Cultural patrimony (objects that belong to more than 1 person)

81
Q

Andes religion?

A

Andes religion - mountain spirits are common for everyday religion and for their own imperial goals.

anth 121 (3 decks)

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