Exam #2

Question 1

Learning

Answer 1

enduring or permanent change in behavior which is brought about by experience and information gathering

Question 2

Classical conditioning

Answer 2

type of learning when we learnt link a stimulus to elicit a response

Question 3

Operant Conditioning

Answer 3

learning active voluntary behaviors which are shaped and maintained by their consequences (i.e. behavior modification)

Question 4

Observational Learning

Answer 4

acquiring new behaviors by observing the behaviors of others

Question 5

Unconditioned Stimulus

Answer 5

stimulus that naturally and unconditionally causes a response and the response is not learned

Question 6

Conditioned Stimulus

Answer 6

a once neutral stimulus paired with an unconditioned stimulus that triggers a response

Question 7

Reinforcement

Answer 7

stimulus which increases the probability that a behavior will be repeated

Question 8

Positive Reinforcement

Answer 8

reward that can increase a positive outcome

Question 9

Negative Reinforcement

Answer 9

removal of an unfavorable outcome to end something that is undesired

Question 10

Punishment

Answer 10

when a behavior is followed by an adverse consequence that decreases the probability of the behavior occurring again

Question 11

Positive Punishment

Answer 11

to give something that is undesired (slap on the wrist)

Question 12

Negative Punishment

Answer 12

to end something that is desired (more long term)

Question 13

Factors of Punishment (1)

Answer 13

Punishment should not be used when there are other means available to discourage a behavior

Question 14

Factors of Punishment (2)

Answer 14

Punishment should be delivered shortly after the undesired behavior is exhibited

Question 15

Factors of Punishment (3)

Answer 15

punishment should not be physical

Question 16

Factors of Punishment (4)

Answer 16

Punishment should be used with alternative, more appropriate behaviors being suggested

Question 17

Behavior Modification (B.F. Skinner)

Answer 17

application of learning principles to help people develop more effective or adaptive behaviors (i.e. promoting and increasing desired behaviors and decreasing undesired behaviors)

Question 18

Making Goals Achievable (1-3)

Answer 18

1. State goal measurable terms
2. Make it public, tell someone
3. Have to have a plan and in the plan there has to be a how, when and where.
4. Monitor how often you engage in desired behavior (keep a record)
5. Re enforce desired behavior (reward self), then decrease rewards gradually

Question 19

What are the 3 types of learning?

Answer 19

Classical & Operant Conditioning, Observational Learning

Question 20

Cognitive Process

Answer 20

1. Must pay attention
2. Must have retention
3. Reproduction - transforming what you remember to actions
4. Motivation - being motivated to imitate the behaviors to produce reinforcement or reward

Question 21

Modeling

Answer 21

the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

Question 22

What are the three types of neurons?

Answer 22

Sensory, Motor, Interneurons

Question 23

Peripheral Nervous System

Answer 23

the rest of the nervous system without the brain or spinal cord

Question 24

Central Nervous System

Answer 24

Spinal cord & Brain

Question 25

Sympathetic Nervous System

Answer 25

“Fight or Flight”

Question 26

Parasympathetic Nervous System

Answer 26

“rest & digest”

Question 27

Personality

Answer 27

an individuals characteristic way of thinking (cognitive skills), feeling (emotional needs), and behaving (actions based on a situation) in a response to a situation.