Exam 2 Flashcards
Health risks of being underweight
- Malnutrition
- Fluid-electrolyte imbalances
- Osteopenia, osteoporosis,
and fractures - Muscle wasting
- Cardiac arrhythmias and
sudden death - Renal and reproductive
disorders
Health risks of obesity
- Ischemic heart disease and
stroke - Dyslipidemia
- Hypertension
- Glucose intolerance and
diabetes - Osteoarthritis
- Obstructive pulmonary
disease - Gallbladder disease
- Some cancers
- Menstrual irregularities
Android
Upper body obesity
Gynoid
Lower body obesity
What type of fat is associated with increased risk of CHD, diabetes,
and dyslipidemia?
Visceral fat
Fat distribution assessment
Waist-to-hip ratio
Waist-to-hip ratio risks
- Males at risk if WHR >0.94
- Females at risk if WHR >0.82
Obesity contributors
- Hormonal control of RMR
- Number of fat cells
* Inherited, but can increase with
overfeeding - Genes
* Deficiencies in melanocortin-4
receptor and leptin
* Fat distribution (VAT or SAT) - Environment
* Diet
* Physical activity
Gain weight
Positive energy balance
Lose weight
Negative energy balance
Kilocalorie
Unit of heat energy
Energy yield of macronutrients
- Carbohydrate: 4 kcal/g
- Protein: 4 kcal/g
- Fat: 9 kcal/g
1 lb of fat equals
3500 kcals
Energy balance
energy intake = energy expenditure
Total Energy Expenditure (TEE)
RMR + dietary thermogenesis + EAT + NEAT
Largest contributor to TEE
RMR
RMR
Resting metabolic rate
EAT
Exercise activity thermogenesis
NEAT
Non-exercise activity thermogenesis
Preliminary steps to a weight management program
- Set body weight goal
* Measure body composition
* Use FFM and desired %BF to set
realistic goal (target weight) - Assess kcal intake
* Food record and dietary
software - Assess kcal expenditure
* Factorial or TEE method
Sedentary
“Mostly seated or standing daily living activities; no exercise or
other leisure activities.”
Low active
“Light exercise and leisure activities (i.e., walking 50 minutes per
day at 3 mph or golfing 40 minutes per day.”
Active
“Moderate exercise and leisure activities (i.e., cycling 75 minutes
per day or playing tennis 90 minutes.”
Very active
“Heavy manual labor job or heavy exercise and leisure activities
(i.e., jogging 75 minutes per day or playing basketball 60 minutes
per day.”