Exam 2 Flashcards
Health (WHO definition)
dynamic state of complete physical, mental, spiritual and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or illness
Physical health
Bodily aspect of health
Efficient functioning of the body and its systems
Capacity to perform physical functions (eating, walking, talking, exercising)
Mental health
State of well-being
Can cope with the normal stresses of life
Can work productively and fruitfully
Social/psychosocial health
Ability to interact with others/participate in community
Independent and cooperative manner
Family and interpersonal relationships
Healthcare
the business, industry, institution of activity offering medical services
The set of medical services that an organization or country provides
Health care
a set of actions by a person to maintain or improve a patient’s health
Ex: patient care, medical care, preventative care
Pediatrics
the branch of medicine addressing health and medical care for infants, children and teens from birth up to age 18 years
(American Academy of Pediatrics extends it to 21 years old)
Pediatrician
specifically trained medical doctors who work with infants, childrens and adolescents
Established in the late 1800s and early 1900s
What were the main causes of death prior to 1950?
Lack of standardized training for doctors
Lack of regulation in pharmaceutical care
Treatment options had not been discovered
Contagious diseases
Infant mortality
the death of children under the age of 1 from birth
Reported in # of deaths per 1,000 live births
Public health
the science of protecting and improving the health of people (entire populations) and their communities
Focuses on prevention, rather than treatment
Welfare
the health, happiness and fortunes of a person or group
Ex: principles of hygiene, plumbing and housing for children and families
Public health strategies to prevent infant mortality (18-19th century)
Milk stations, Nursue home visit programs, school nurses
Sheppard-Towner Maternity and Infant Act (1921)
Authorized the federal government to grant funds to states for infant and maternal welfare
Decreased infant mortality rate
Was not renewed by Congress and defunded by 1929
- act could only address the social aspect of health care
- Medical providers thought the act would threaten their jobs so it prevented the act from addressing medical care
- pediatricans and other organizations were not united
American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) was founded as a result
Child mortality
death of children for any reasons between the ages 0-19 years old
Title V of the Social Security ACT (SSA)
(1935)
Roosevelt’s New Deal to stabilize the economy
Provided funding to the states
Title V became the Maternal and Child Health (MCH) Block Grant Program
(1981)
State creates programs and priorities based on individual needs
More hands-off approach from the federal government
States have the ability to allocate funding
Still around today
US vs other developed nations on child mortality
By 1990s and 2000s the US ranked the lowest of all twenty nations in terms of child mortality
- US outspends other nations on healthcare
Gap between US and other nations grows more gradual after the 1980s ( less than age 1)
Gap between US and nations gradual after 1970s
(Ages 1-19)
Leading causes of death in the US ages 1 to 18 years
Suicide
Homicide
Cancer (malignant neoplasms)
Unintentional injury
Congenital abnormalities (birth defects)
Leading cause of death for ages 1-18
Unintentional injury
Leading causes of death in the US under age 1
Congenital abnormalities (birth defects)
Short gestation (preterm and low birth weight)
Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
Unintentional injury (suffocation)
Maternal pregnancy complications
Leading causes of death ages 1-4
Unintentional injury
Congenital abnormalities
Homicide
Cancer
Heart disease
Leading causes of death ages 5-9
Unintentional injury
Cancer
Homicide
Congenital abnormalities
Heart disease
Leading causes of death ages 15-24
Unintentional injury
Homicide
Suicide
COVID 19
Cancer
Unintentional injury
unplanned events which produce damage to a person
Ex: Motor vehicle accidents, falls, burns, drowning
Disparity
if a health outcome is seen to a greater or lesser extent between populations
Health disparity
a particular type of health difference that is closely linked with social, economic and/or environmental disadvantages
Why do health disparities exist?
Low socioeconomic status and lack of education
More rural areas have less doctors
Cultural differences regarding health care and when to see a doctor
Racism can prevent people from having education and seeking out quality medical care
Infants (0-1 years old) in the hospital
Completely unaware of effects of illness
Limited cognitive capabilities
Toddlers (1-3 years old) in the hospital
Beginning to understand illness, but not its cause
Concepts of the body are usually limited to the names and locations of some body parts
Preschoolers (3-5 years old) in the hospital
Beginning to understand illness, but not its cause
Concepts of the body are usually limited to the names and locations of some body parts
Concepts of internal organs and body functions are vague
May view illness as a form of punishment or something magical
School age children (6-12 years old) in the hospital
Understand how germs spread
Older school age are better at understanding the reason for illness
Better understanding of disease and how organs are affected
Gaining understanding of the function of different body parts and organs
Adolescents (13-18 years old) in the hospital
Increasingly aware of the physiologic, psychological and behavioral causes of illness and injury
Increased understanding that disease may involve several causes and effects
Understand that many organs or body parts may be involved with illness
Understand how symptoms can be related to certain organ functions of the body
Separation anxiety
an infant, toddler or child’s distressed reaction when their caregiver leaves the room
Begins to emerge around 6-8 months old
Stranger anxiety
wariness and hesitation in response to new people
Emerges in the second half of infancy (~8-9 months of age)
Infant Stressors in the hospital
Separation anxiety
Stranger anxiety
Stimulation issues (over or under)
Disruption of routine
Painful, invasive procedures
Toddler Stressors in the hospital
Fear of strangers/new places
Separation anxiety and fear of abandonment
Fear of losing control
May view pain as punishment
Immobilization
Fear of the dark
Preschool Stressors in the hospital
Struggle with reality vs fantasy
Fear of long separation from loved ones
Fear loss of control
Fear of bodily harm
Regression of developmental milestones
Fear of dark/monsters
School age Stressors in the hospital
Loss of independence and competence
Loss of bodily function
Concerns about pain, death, disability
Fear going under anesthesia
Adolescent Stressors in the hospital
Separation from peer group
Loss of independence and control
Invasion of privacy
Fear of body image/acceptance
Concerns about keeping up with school/activities
Patient and family centered care (PFCC)
a philosophy of health care in which a mutually beneficial partnership develops between the patients, families and health care providers
Core concepts of PFCC
Dignity and respect
Participation/involvement
Information sharing
Collaboration
Family
a self-identified group of two or more people joined together by sharing resources and emotional closeness, whether or not they are related by blood, marriage or adoption or even living in the same household
Positive outcomes of PFCC
Better collaboration and stronger alliance between families and health care team
Decreased anxiety for both parents and children when parents are present and involved
Greater child and family satisfaction with health care
Family
a self-identified group of two or more people joined together by sharing resources and emotional closeness, whether or not they are related by blood, marriage or adoption or even living in the same household
Attitudinal barriers
personal thoughts/barriers about PFCC
Organizational barriers
rules, policies or values within an organization that prevent the use of PFCC
Health promotion
activities that increase well-being and enhance wellness or health
Assisting people in achieving their positive health potential, even in the presence of chronic or acute illnesses
anticipatory guidance
The process of understanding upcoming developmental needs and teaching caregivers to meet those needs
Health maintenance (protection)
activities that preserve an individual’s present state of health and prevent disease or injury occurrence
Focus on prevention
Screening
procedures to detect the possible presence of health conditions before symptoms are apparent
Surveillance
ongoing process in which observations are carried out in collaboration with families, specialists, childcare providers and other professionals
Health literacy
the degree to which individuals have the capacity to obtain, process and understand basic health information and services needed to make appropriate health decisions
Conventional literacy
Numeracy
Communication with health care providers
Navigating the healthcare system
Personal health literacy
the degree to which individuals have the ability to find, understand and use information and services to inform health-related decisions
Organizational health literacy
the degree to which organizations equitably enable individuals to find, understand and use information and services to inform health-related decisions
What is the #1 leading cause of death among children in the US between ages 1-18?
Unintentional injury
Unintentional injury
unplanned events which produce damage to a person
No evidence of predetermined intent
Sudden unexpected infant death (SUIDs)
sudden and unexpected death of a baby under age 1
Includes deaths that can due to suffocation by soft bedding, overlay, entrapment, strangulation, Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
Cultural awareness
a deliberate, cognitive process in which health-care providers become appreciative and sensitive to values, beliefs, lifestyles, practices and problem-solving strategies of clients’ cultures
Cultural skill
The ability to collect relevant cultural data regarding clients’ health histories and presenting problems and accurately perform culturally sensitive physical histories
Cultural knowledge
The process of seeking and obtaining a sound educational knowledge concerning worldviews of various cultures
Cultural encounter
A progress that encourages health-care providers to engage directly in cross-cultural interactions with clients from culturally diverse backgrounds
Positive stress response
short lived physiological responses that promote growth and change necessary for healthy development
Tolerable stress response
activates the body’s alert system to a greater degree as a result of more severe, longer-lasting difficulties
Toxic stress
occurs when a child experiences strong, frequent and/or prolonged adversity
Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs)
potentially traumatic events that occur in childhood (0-17 years old)
What percentage of the population has at least 1 ACE?
67% of the population had at least one ACE
Top unintentional injury for under age 1
Unintentional suffocation
Top unintentional injury for ages 1-4
Unintentional drowning
Top unintentional injury for ages 5-9, 10-14 and 15-24
Unintentional motor vehicle traffic
