Exam 2 Flashcards
What is race?
A collection of physical traits deemed by society to be socially significant
What is ethnicity?
Characteristics of groups associated with national origins, languages, and cultural and religious practicies
What are stereotypes?
Perceived notions about the behavior, attitude, looks, feelings and motives of a group or people
What is prejudice?
Negative or hostile attitude toward another group (arises out of stereotypes)
What is discrimination?
Unequal treatment because of their social group
What is sex?
Refers to biological differences
What is gender?
Expectations and roles that males and females are expected to fill
What is gender identity?
Whether a person identifies as man, woman, neither
What is cisgender?
One’s gender identity corresponds to biological category and heterosexual
What is a minority group?
A category of people with relative disadvantage in society
What is a patriarchy?
Society organized around male privilege and heirarchy
What is sexualism?
The beliefs and social relations holding men are superior to women
What is paternalism?
The view that women need protection and are not fully responsible for their actions
What is chivalry?
The reluctance to inflict harm on a woman accompanied by unwillingness to believe that women could possess criminal intent
What is mysogyny?
Organized, institutionalized, normalized, hostility and violence toward women
What is misandry?
Hatred of men
What are gender norms?
The rules and guidelines associated with the performance of gender
What are gender sterotypes?
Preconceived, generalized views about how members of a certain gender do or should behave
What are mandatory arrest policies?
Increased arrests for men and women
What things resulted from mandatory arrest policies?
Arrests of black women increased 3x that of white women
Women are 43% of all DV arrests
What are primary aggressor laws?
Police determine who the primary aggressor is and make an arrest
What things resulted from primary aggressor laws?
Police became reluctant to make any arrest
Failed to increase dual arrests
Did not decrease disparities across race and sexual orientation
What is adultification?
Black boys and girls are often perceived as being older than their years (school-to-prison pipeline)
What is the common law rule?
No divorce unless
- adultery
- abandonment
- imprisonment
- cruelty and abuse
What is no fault divorce?
Irreconcilable differences
- no need to prove fault
What was the Obergefell v. Hodges decision?
Due process clause –> protects right to marry
Equal protection clause –> gender
What did Obergefell v. Hodges tell us?
Courts will use heightened scrutiny to evaluate issues of discriminations based on sexual orientation
What was the Bostock v. Clayton County decision?
Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 protects employees against discrimination because of sexuality or gender identity
What is victim blaming?
When the responsibility of the crime is shifted from the offender to the victim
What is the just world hypothesis?
People in society get what they deserve
What is victimology?
The study of victimization
What is Rarity Theory?
Victims who are “ideal” (female, children, elderly), stories that are unusual, or stories tat involve more than one victim are considered newsworthy
What is Devaluation Theory?
Portrayals of victims of crime as white in the media feeds into predicting perceptions of the exaggerated fear of victimization for whites
What is Victim Precipitation Theory?
Some people may initiate the confrontation that eventually leads to their injury or death
