exam 2 Flashcards
Systematic Review
: Collect all possible studies related to a given topic and research design, and review and analyze their results.
Meta-Analysis
Objective and scientific method of statistically analyzing and combining results from a systematic review
Randomized Controlled Trial
Gold standard of biomedical research
Cohort Study
-Observational study (no intervention/treatment)
-Research participants are examined over a period of time.
-Examine whether individuals exposed to a risk factor are more likely to develop a disease than those not exposed to a risk factor.
-Prospective in nature (i.e., forward-looking)
Example: Are construction workers at greater risk for concussion than the general population?
Case control study
-Observational study (no intervention/treatment)
-Research participants are examined at one point in time.
-Examine whether individuals exposed to a risk factor are more likely to develop a disease than those not exposed to a risk factor.
Retrospective in nature (i.e., backward-looking)
Example: Are people with a history of concussion more likely to be construction workers than members of the general population?
Case Report
: Detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, response to treatment, and follow-up after treatment of a single patient.
Case series
Group of case reports involving patients given similar treatment.
grade
Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) rates research evidence as:
information system
combination of hardware and software that can process data into information to solve a problem.
People are essential for successful operation
Healthcare information system (HIS):
information system used in a healthcare enterprise
Clinical information systems CISs
Focus on management of clinical (patient) data and information
administrative Information systems AISs
Focus on management of administrative, financial, and demographic data and information to support overall functions of an organization
computerized Provider order entry
Process of providers using computers to enter and send treatment instructions, such as medication, laboratory, and radiology orders
Laboratory-information systems
Receive requests, schedule tests, and track specimen collection and analysis
Radiology-information systems
Receive requests, schedule imaging, provide patient-focused information, manage image storage, and store and report radiologists’ interpretations
Picture archiving and communication system (PACS):
Store, retrieve, present, and share digital imaging from x-rays, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography, and ultrasound
Physiological monitoring systems (PMS
Store real-time data about various physiological functions to monitor and track changes
Either in clinic or at home/work
Include wearables and implants
Operating room information systems (ORISs)
Surgical scheduling
Patient tracking
Anesthesia documentation
Integration of medical devices
Real-time displays of ongoing OR activity
Results-reporting applications
Share laboratory values, diagnostic test results, and physiological values from:
LIS to provider
RIS to provider
PMS to provider
Between providers
Electronic documentation
Provided primarily through the electronic health record (EHR
Critical care information systems (CCISs)
These incorporate or integrate most of the prior applications within critical care units (intensive care units).
Interface with bedside devices
Facilitate calculation of clinical indices
Help organize and manage the large volume of data assessments of these patients
Clinical decision support systems (CDSSs)
Support healthcare practitioners in making evidence-based patient-care decisions
Clinical information systems (CISs):
Focus on management of clinical (patient) data and information
Administrative information systems (AISs):
Focus on management of administrative, financial, and demographic data and information to support overall functions of an organization
Payroll and human resource systems:
track employee time and attendance, credentials, performance evaluations, and payroll-compensation information.
Financial systems
provide accounting functions ,
Critical for the organization to receive reimbursement for services from insurance companies
Contract-management systems:
manage contracts with third-party payers, vendors, and suppliers.
Materials-management systems
facilitate inventory control and charging of supplies
Risk management systems:
track and plan prevention of unusual occurrences or incidents.
Quality assurance systems
monitor outcomes and produce reports that are used to guide quality improvement
Registration and scheduling systems
-support patient registration, scheduling, coding, and billing
-Provide better protection of patient privacy than paper records
how many years between research and implementation in practice or policy
17
how long does it take to move a new drug or medical device from conception to market
14 years
