exam 2

Question 1

What are the 8 reasons why Bear Bryant became popular?

Answer 1

1. He’s one of them; he’s a country boy
2. He recruits undersized country boys (they can identify with them)
3. He would always talk about how good the boys were, how they represent souther values and was proud of them; gave credit to this southern white way of life
4. Represented older white southern values (way he talked, way he looked)
5. A millionaire businessman in the early 60s (real estate, insurance, etc)
6. A symbol of their values
7. The Alabama team was symbol of white supremacy
8. Become the mythic hero and is the symbol of southern pride

Question 2

Why did Alabama mean so much to white southerners? What 4 things did the team represent?

Answer 2

1. Achievement
2. Legitimacy
3. Something to be proud of (winner of SEC is almost like a representative of the South)
4. Allows them to command respect in one regard

Question 3

What was the state of the South in the 1950s? What was Bryant’s position in all of this?

Answer 3

The South feels like it’s under attack. There are lynchings and killing occurring in Alabama but Bryant doesn’t use his power to say anything, he claims he isn’t political. This is different from today where coaches cannot be silent.

Question 4

According to Andrew Doyle, why does Alabama become so popular?

Answer 4

Doyle claims the University of Alabama football team became a visual representation of white supremacy.

Question 5

What was the significant of the NAACP?

Answer 5

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People: the ultimate goal was to integrate K-12, but started with graduate students

Question 6

Why do faculty at universities like Prairie View have their PhDs from more competitive universities (michigan, harvard, columbia, ucla, etc.) compared to faculty at schools like Texas?

Answer 6

Most southern states would give scholarships that paid for black students to attend school in any other state

Question 7

Who was Heman Sweatt and what did he do?

Answer 7

Sweatt wanted to attend Texas Law School after receiving his undergrad degree. He understood it put the board of regents in a bind and thus came the Sweatt vs. Painter case.

A law school was then created for blacks and was held in a basement and claimed to be equal to the white law school.

Sweatt never finished his degree due to stress and intimidation.

Question 8

What was the significance of the 1926 Rose Bowl game between Alabama and Washington?

Answer 8

Alabama sees this game as an opportunity to shine. Alabama’s win was seen as a sectional victory that a southern school had beaten a west school.

It transformed Alabama into this “Pride of Dixie” type of deal

Question 9

What made Alabama more popular across the South in the 1950s? (Structural things that took Alabama to another level)

Answer 9

1. National News
2. Begin to see college games televised

Question 10

What was the Montgomery bus boycott?

Answer 10

Blacks refused to ride the bus anymore. Black people had to pay at the front then sit in the back or even stand when there were empty seats. This became problematic because 85% of money made by bus companies was made from Black people.

Question 11

What was the significance of the 1961 Rose Bowl game between Alabama and UCLA?

Answer 11

UCLA had 8 black players and refuses to play Alabama because they won’t integrate. We begin to see the intersection of race, sports and politics.

Bryant said he had nothing to say about not playing UCLA. Alabama ended up pulling out to avoid being embarrassed. Always had to “defend their way of life”

Question 12

What was the significance in the 1963 Orange Bowl between Oklahoma and Bama?

Answer 12

It had the context of the Cuban Missile Crisis. JFK met with OK but didn’t want to meet with Bryant because he had to protect his image. Bryant was offended and used it as a motivating factor for his team

Question 13

What would all conversation revolve around during the mid 1950s in Alabama?

Answer 13

race and football

Question 14

What was the deal with Alabama’s new president?

Answer 14

He had a big vision for football. Board of Trustees wants to know if he will support integration but he caters his response to his audiences. He becomes popular for getting Bryant as a coach.

Question 15

What did Alabama want in a coach?

Answer 15

1. A good recruiter
2. Someone who knew the South, the tradition, abide them and uphold them

Question 16

How did Bryant scare players off Alabama?

Answer 16

1. would not let them drink water during a workout
2. expectation that you would play hurt
3. body, mind and soul that you would get cut
   told a player who they were having a heart attack to “suck it up”

Question 17

What role did HBCUs play in college football?

Answer 17

HBCUs were established during the period of segregation, they enroll 15% of all black students in college but produce higher percentages of black PhD’s.

First HBCU game in the 1880s in NC, created a parallel world where college ball was played in ivy leagues as well as HBCUs

Prior to integration, HBCUs have a monopoly on black athletic talent up until the late 1960s

Question 18

What three conferences do HBCUs use?

Answer 18

1. Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (SIAC)
2. Central Intercollegiate Athletic Association(CIAA)
3. Southwestern Athletic Conference (SWAC)

Question 19

Why did white southerners tolerate HBCUs?

Answer 19

1. keeps them separate
2. no single case of lynchings, a safe haven
3. believed black college administrators were teaching black students to accept segregation, how to not challenge the system, viewed them as partners
4. did not see HBCUs as a threat (black students and administrators used it as an advantage)

HBCUs saw link between them and black success

Question 20

What makes HBCUs different?

Answer 20

They’re always going to prioritize academics over athletics. They believed black academic success could change racial prejudice.

Question 21

When we talk about HBCU football, we’re not just talking about the game, we’re talking about “sporting congregations.” What entities are these made up of?

Answer 21

1. coaches
2. administrators
3. players
4. black media
5. fans
6. the community
7. the black athletic conferences

Players have a wrap around support structure where all these entities are invested in the players doing well on the field in addition to doing well in life.

Question 22

What was the golden age of black college football?

Answer 22

Between 1945-1970, black football is on par with, if not better than, white college football

Question 23

What was the double burden of black coaches?

Answer 23

Felt they had to take the jobs for black america and perform to create opportunities for other coaches but can’t be overly concerned with win and losses and exploiting black athletes.

Question 24

What explains the disparity in black coaches (6 or so) out of 65 total? even though the majority of teams were black

Answer 24

The message being sent was that black people work and white people lead

Question 25

How did Grambling and FAMU coaches respond to Civil Rights Movement?

Answer 25

The main argument behind a lot of the thrusts for integration was that people did not value all black institutions (inferiority complex)

Question 26

Who was Eddie Robinson? What were his responsibilities?

Answer 26

Coach at Grambling, wanted to build up its national profile

Football, baseball and basketball coach
Phys Ed teacher, dorm director, trainer, cutting grass, marking lines, writing stories

Question 27

What were Robinson’s strategies?

Answer 27

1. Win games
2. Make sure their athletes graduate
3. He need to get better as a coach (attended conferences)
4. Hired a communications person - sent out over 200 press releases every week nationwide
5. He understands they have to have some unique entertainment and that’s when they come up with the band (was not popular at the time, performed in ‘67 superbowl)
6. Want to get their games on radio
7. ABC does an hour long special

Question 28

What was Robinson’s role in the HBCU Classic?

Answer 28

He came up with the idea – to take games off of home campuses and take them to large urban areas where black folk are

Question 29

When were the movements associated with Big Ten Football teams?

Answer 29

One after WW1 and one after WW2.

They took advantage of ghettoization

Question 30

What shifted black communities?

Answer 30

Black people were moving for better jobs. Jim crow and racism was pushing them out and economic opportunity was pulling them in.

Question 31

Why did owning homes become popular after WW2?

Answer 31

The belief was that if people owned homes, they would become better citizens

Question 32

What were the 2 loan programs to get houses?

Answer 32

VA Program: if you were a veteran, you get the house for free with no interest rate

Federal Housing Authority/Administration Program (FHA)

Question 33

Why were highways created? How did they harm black communities?

Answer 33

In order to make suburbs accessible, highways need to be made. When they built highways they had to tear down black communities.

Question 34

What is systemic racism?

Answer 34

When gov agencies, private institutions, and elected officials work together to discriminate against black folks

Question 35

What 5 ways kept blacks in the ghetto and explain why the big ten had a fertile recruiting ground?

Answer 35

1. violence and intimidation
2. redlining maps - gov funded welfare program designed to get poor people into homes; would ask for current address, then take address and go to map and if the current address was in red, they automatically deny the loan (has kept generations of black folk in poverty)
3. court system - blacks cannot buy in restricted white communities
4. restrictive covenant - attached to dean of property - even if a black person had cash to buy it, they couldn’t
5. housing project - no recreational place, that is not quality of life, became recruiting ground “college football is saving you from the ghetto”

Question 36

Dr. Moore referred to Michigan State as the outlier, why? What role did Duffy Daugherty play?

Answer 36

Michigan had 20 african american players, with a black QB. Daugherty had an “underground railroad” to recruit black players from the south.

Question 37

What two things does Daugherty show?

Answer 37

1. shows that integration is possible
2. wins two championships on a national platform

Question 38

How is Calvin Paterson a demonstration of the high profile that black athletes have to face?

Answer 38

Paterson was the first african american to play at FSU. His mom was curious on why he didn’t go to an HBCU and why he wanted to go to a “jim crow” school. Paterson explained that he had to go to create more opportunities for people like him, he is dealing with representation. Paterson realizes that he is only liked when he can perform on the field. He gets no rewards, when there is time for a touchdown, they switch him out.

During his first year at FSU, he didn’t get any playing time and got kicked out. He was told to go to community college and come back. He want to cc every day but was never enrolled. He struggled with academics and low self-esteem. He had a plan to shoot himself in the abdomen so that he would have an excuse to tell people for why he wasn’t playing. However, he shot at an angle and died. He is a representation of the struggle of identity foreclosure.

Question 39

What are the reasons schools integrated?

Answer 39

1. Athletic necessity
2. By the late 60s, high school were integrated
3. Black women needed someone to date - idea that if you bring black men on campus, you have to bring black women for them to date
4. Society was ready for it

Question 40

There was a movement in the late 60s where black communities shifted from being ashamed of their identity to being proud. What three organizations launched this shift?

Answer 40

1. Malcom X and the Nation of Islam - doctrine of nation of Islam: the white man is the devil and the black man is God; proof he’s the devil is how he treated us
2. Black Panther Party - non-religious org; helped black people feel proud to be black (e.g. wearing their hair in natural fashion)
3. The Us Organization - believes in going back to traditional african american roots

These 3 orgs ushered black americans into this period.

Question 41

What was Muhammad Ali’s realization after winning the Olympics?

Answer 41

He noticed a stark difference in his experience compared to the treatment of black people in his hometown. Ali had a new perspective and committed to the black community.

Question 42

What role did Malcom X play in Ali’s realization?

Answer 42

Malcom X opened Ali’s eyes to plight of black people in america. Ali then joined to Nation of Islam and changed his name from Cassius Clay to Muhammad Ali.

Question 43

According to Dr. Moore, who is the only black person who had the ability to get all of black america in the room in the 60s?

Answer 43

Muhammad Ali

Question 44

What was the most impacted by the black power movement?

Answer 44

The college campus - black history courses, black student unions, departments/centers –> all products of the demonstrations on college campuses in the 60s

Question 45

What was the meeting about in 1967 that showcased a connection between athletics and politics?

Answer 45

The meeting was called because Ali refused to be enlisted in the Army, he claimed religious reasons. Behind them was Carl Stokes – mayor of cleveland, first city with a black mayor, the most powerful urban politician in the country

Question 46

What was the significance of the 1968 Olympics?

Answer 46

Since the early 1900s, the US has always used black athletes as their ambassadors. Viewers would see black athletes participating and assumed racial relations were good in the US, although they were not.

One group of athletes said to boycott the entire thing and the other said if they were to boycott, they would just be replaced.

Second option they had was to go but simply not perform, but some athletes wanted to compete.

Third approach was to go and compete, win, and at the medal ceremony, perform some sort of protest. They ended up performing the black power salute as the national anthem was playing.

Important to note: this cripple down to college football, who do coaches not worry about how their athletes are affected by politics? Coaches live in a bubble/

Question 47

What happened at the match between Wyoming and BYU?

Answer 47

Black players refuse to play against BYU and the university president ends up kicking them out of school. Creates idea of black players beginning to speak up.

Question 48

What were the 8 complaints black athletes had? What was the effect of this?

Answer 48

1. treated good as long as they had on their uniform
2. not allowed to wear certain hairstyles – couldn’t wear afros
3. not allowed to play certain positions (QB, Center, Middle LB – positions close to the ball) would recruit players as QBs then change their position
4. very few black professors
   5.very few black coaches
5. steered towards easy classes
6. coach didn’t care about academics; looked at solely for eligibility reasons
7. overall complain was they felt they were on a plantation – black labor, white wealth

This shocks the white sporting establishment, they don’t know what to do because they are dependent. They look at black athletes as something different from “regular” black people. People are frustrated and conflicted when they cheer for someone but know they see the world differently, they use sports as an escape.

Question 49

What two things happen after these protests?

Answer 49

1. scholarship model changes from 4 year to 1 year renewable
2. sport specific facilities are created – athletes don’t have to leave; use this isolation as a form of control

Question 50

What was the progression of DEI programs?

Answer 50

Office of African American Affairs > Minority Affairs > Multicultural Affairs > Diversity, Equity and Inclusion

Question 51

What was the Supreme Court decision in 1954?

Answer 51

To integrate schools – says separate but equal is not constitutional. White communities did not respond well to this decision and there was a massive resistance, they were doing anything they could to not comply. This decision made white southerners feel as if their way of life was coming to an end and they were under attack.

Question 52

What two things did you begin to see happen in the south after 1954?

Answer 52

1. confederate flags being taken out of museums
2. confederate statues being put up