Exam 2 Flashcards
Cesare Beccaria
(1738-1794): an 18th c. Italian penal reformer and “father of the Classical School of Criminology”, who strongly opposed the death penalty, and advocated equality before the law, and that punishment should be proportionate to the crime.
Cesare Lombroso
(1835- 1909): an Italian criminal anthropologist and founder of the Positivist School of Criminology, who was inspired by Social Darwinism and argued that criminality was biological, and identifiable by physical and psychological defects.
Jeremy Bentham
(1748-1832): a late 18th/ early 19th c British social reformer and Utilitarian philosopher famous for his panopticon prison design, which influenced 19th century penitentiary architecture.
Panopticon prison
the model penitentiary design in a wheel and spoked shape proposed by the British philosopher and prison reformer Jeremy Bentham which served as a model for 19th century American penitentiary architecture.
Eastern state penitentiary
one of the first penitentiaries built in Philadelphia in 1829 based on Jeremy Bentham’s panopticon design in which inmates were kept under strict control and isolation.
Auburn system
an early 19th century penitentiary system based at the Auburn penitentiary in New-York, and alternative to the Eastern State prison which emphasized communal work in the day and solitary confinement at night.
Kingston Penitentiary
Canada’s first penitentiary, opened in Kingston in 1835, and designed mainly after Auburn system in which inmates were put to communal work in the day and solitary confinement at night.
Red-Light District of Montreal
the busy sector centered around the intersections of St. Laurent and St. Catherine streets in downtown Montreal which was infamous in the interwar period (1919-1939) for its concentration of prostitution and brothels, which were identifiable by their red-lights used as signs.
Bootlegging
the illegal production and distribution of liquor which became widespread across North America was another crime that flourished in the 1920s thanks to Prohibition.
Al Capone
the 20th century American gangster and powerful crime boss based in Chicago who directed a crime syndicate in bootlegging, smuggling, and other illegal activities during prohibition era before his conviction for income tax evasion in 1931.
Valentine’s Day Massacre
the notorious 1929 gangland killing of 7 Chicago mobsters masterminded by Al Capone’s crime syndicate members disguised as policemen, for which no one was ever brought to trial.
Regina Riot
the full-scale riot in Regina on July 1, 1935 which erupted when RCMP clashed with unemployed demonstrators (about 400-500 trekkers), resulting in 2 deaths, hundreds of injuries, and enormous property damage in downtown Regina.
F.L.Q
Front de Liberation du Quebec): a radical Quebec terrorist and separatist organization which (between 1963 and 1970), was responsible for dozens of dynamite explosions, bank robberies, and some deaths, the most notable of which was Quebec cabinet minister Pierre Laporte.
Victims of violence
an Ottawa-based support and lobby group for victims of violence founded in 1984 by Gary ad Sharon Rosenfeldt, which favors the death penalty for murder in cases in which the killer’s guilt has been proven by DNA.
Quebec’s Biker War
1994-2001): the violent Biker war fought the two rival criminal biker gangs- the Hells Angels and Rock Machine for control of Quebec’s lucrative drug trade, which killed about 187 people, including 30 innocent victims.
