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Kinesiology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Cardiovascular physiology

A

Transport O2 and waste products
Blood is oxygenated in lungs (O2 binds to hemoglobin)

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2
Q

Cardiac Output=

A

Heart rate x Stoke Volume
Volumetric flow rate the hearts output

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3
Q

Heart rate=

A

220-age

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4
Q

Stroke volume

A

Left ventricle volume

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5
Q

Cardiovascular training=

A

Strengths of contractions and volume of left ventricle increases

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6
Q

VO2 max is…

A

Cardiovascular fitness
Humans consume O2

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7
Q

VO2 Max is the measurement…

A

of the body’s maximal capacity to consume O2

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8
Q

Fick Equation

A

VO2 Max= [HR max x SV max] x (a-v) O2 diff

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9
Q

HR max x SV max=

A

O2 delivery

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10
Q

(a-v)O2 diff=

A

O2 extraction

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11
Q

Cardiovascular training increases

A

VO2 Max

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12
Q

Ventilation

A

Breathing in
Exercise increases ventilation

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13
Q

Expiration

A

Breathing out

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14
Q

With exercise lungs…

A

do not change

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15
Q

Inspiration muscles=

A

More fatigue resistance
Increased vascularization around ALVEOLI

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16
Q

What affects ventilation

A

Muscle pH (exercise) and altitude

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17
Q

Hot Environment Challenges

A

Dehydration
Increase in core temp

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18
Q

Hot Environment training…

A

Increases blood volume
Improves thermoreregulatory control (early and more sweating)

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19
Q

What do athletes and non athletes use for hot temps…

A

Saunas
Impacts performance and health

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20
Q

Cold Environment Challenges

A

Appropriate clothing
Respiratory system warms and humidifies the air
Optimal running temp: 50 degrees

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21
Q

Cold Environment Concerns

A

Clothing
Microclimates: Don’t start a workout already warm
Dexterity

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22
Q

Cold Environment

A

Exposure can lead to physiological adaptations that allow us to better tolerate the cold

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23
Q

Common Tools for Exercise Physiologist

A

Metabolic Cart: O2, CO2, Spirometry
Muscle Biopsy (In Vivo)
ECG
Skin Fold Calipers: Fat under skin is proportional to fat in body
Accelerometer base device: Activity in real time outside of lab
Electromyography (EMG)
Environmental Chamber
Ultrasound

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24
Q

Skeletal Muscle Physiology Functions

A

Movement and Posture: Attaches bone and controls joint movement
Heat Production: 75% energy
Protection
Pressure

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25
Q

Myofibrils contain…

A

Sarcomeres: smallest contractile unit of a muscle

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26
Q

Actin
Myosin

A

Thin filament
Thick filament

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27
Q

Muscles depolarized…

A

From the nervous system
Have calcium and ATP available for muscle contraction to occur

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28
Q

Skeletal Muscle Physiology Resistance Training

A

Training improves strength and size of muscle
Muscle hypertrophy is the result of FIBER HYPERTROPHY and FIBER HYPERPLASIA

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29
Q

Types of Muscle Fibers

A

Different fatigue rate and rate force
Type I, Type IIA, Type IIX

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30
Q

Type I Muscle Fibers

A

Slow twitch oxidative or SO
Slow tension development and highly fatigue

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31
Q

Type IIA Muscle Fibers

A

Fast twitch oxidative-glycolytic or FOG
Fast tension development and fatigue resistant

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32
Q

Type IIX Muscle Fibers

A

Fast twitch glycolytic or FG
Fast tension development and fatigue quickly

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33
Q

Skeletal Muscular Adaptations

A

Training focuses on adaptations in muscular strength
Muscular power

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34
Q

Exercise Physiologists…(physiology of Exercise)

A

do not diagnose

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35
Q

Physiology of Exercise

A

Eisenhower 1950s
Physical Fitness rec: Frequency, Intensity, Time, Type
Genetics

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36
Q

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) (Bioenergetics and Metabolism)

A

Used for energy

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37
Q

Carbohydrate (Bioenergetics and Metabolism)

A

4 kcals/gram

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38
Q

Fat (Bioenergetics and Metabolism)

A

9 kcals/gram

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39
Q

Protein (Bioenergetics and Metabolism)

A

4 kcals/grams

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40
Q

Metabolic pathways

A
  1. ATP-PCr (1 ATP)
  2. Anaerobic Glycolysis (2-3 ATP)
  3. Aerobic Metabolism : Oxidative (CHO: 32-33 ATP; Fat: >100 ATP)
    With training, use aerobic metabolism at higher intensities exercises
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41
Q

Sport and Exercise Psychologist study…

A

the ABC’s of physical activity
A: Affect- what we feel; moods and emotions
B: Behavior- What we do; actions and inactions
C: Cognitions- What we think

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42
Q

Mood vs Emotion

A

Mood last longer and is not targeted
Emotion is shorter and targeted

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43
Q

Sport and Exercise Psychologists strive to meet key goals

A

Understand psychosocial factors that influence PA Performance
Understand psychological effects of PA
Enhance experiential outcomes for PA Participants

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44
Q

Careers for Sports Psychologists and Exercise Psychologists

A

Professors
Consults for sports teams
Enhance performance for firefighters, surgeons, combat soldiers, business execs.
Worksite or community wellness through exercise and physical activity promotion
Not synonymous with clinical or counseling psychologists

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45
Q

Motivation

A

Complex set of internal and external forces that influence organisms to behave in certain ways
Exists on a continuum: Self Determination Theory

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46
Q

Self Determination Theory

A

First theory to say no
Amotivation&raquo_space; Extrinsic Motivation&raquo_space; Intrinsic Motivation

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47
Q

Amotivation

A

I don’t care interest

48
Q

Extrinsic Motivation

A

Behavior done for rewards/avoids punishment

49
Q

Intrinsic Motivation

A

Behavior itself elicits pleasure and satisfaction

50
Q

Four ‘Fuels’ to foster more self determination forms of motivation

A

Enjoyment
Competences
Autonomy
Relatedness

51
Q

Enjoyment

A

Positive subjective experiences
Flow: Total absorption in a task, not distracted, feeling good about the task

52
Q

Competences

A

Confidence to effectively engage in a personally valued task
Define success in relation to yourself Praise effort and strategy vs outcomes

53
Q

Autonomy

A

Feeling that one has control over oneself and one’s actions

54
Q

Relatedness

A

The feeling that we are connected to those around us
Experiencing a sense of belonging

55
Q

Arousal

A

State of bodily energy
Degree of Activation
Subject to interpretation

56
Q

Anxiety and Excitement

A

Reframing anxiety to excitement
Stress does not equal Anxiety

57
Q

Stress

A

The demand placed on a person

58
Q

Inverted-U Model of Arousal

A

Relationship between stress and task performance

59
Q

In sport (Social Aspects & Group Processes)

A

Presence of others increases arousal
Reduce excess evaluation by others for beginners

60
Q

In exercise (Social Aspects & Group Processes)

A

Predictors of behavioral adoption and maintenance
Family and social support
Parental modeling of regular PA behavior for children
Demographics and biological
Psychological, cognitive, and emotional
Behavioral attributes and skills
Social and cultural
Physical environment
Physical activity characteristics

61
Q

Cohesion

A

= Performance
Tendency to stick together/remain united

62
Q

Facilitating Cohesion

A

Emphasize group’s uniqueness/positive identity
Members know and understand their roles
Facilitate early success

63
Q

In exercise: Watch out for

A

Social Loafing: Decrease in individual performance
Extreme Cohesion: Conformity and elitism

64
Q

Forms of intervention (Mental Skills Training)

A

Increase exercise adherence
Improve sport performance
Aid in rehabilitation after injury/disease
Enhance career transition and retirement from sport

65
Q

Common Strategy (Mental Skills Training)

A

Imagery
Attention Focus
Mindfulness

66
Q

Imagery

A

Using one’s sense to vividly create or recreate an experience in the mind
Mental Blueprint
Best Practice: Use as many senses as possible
Use internal and external perspectives
Load images with productive behavior
Use verbal triggers
Daily practice

67
Q

Attention Focus

A

Association: How and when to focus on the body (more likely when arousal is high
Dissociation: How and when to distract ourselves, easier when arousal state is low
conscious processing
Choking: Deterioration of performance below expected level based expertise incapable to regain control

68
Q

Mindfulness

A

Maintaining focus on the present moment in an open, non judgemental way
Demo favorable effects on stress management, sleep quality, blood pressure, chronic pain, anxiety, taught using meditation

69
Q

Burnout

A

Complex phenomenon
Feeling of mental, emotional, and physical exhaustion
Negative changes in response to others
Feeling lack of accomplishment even if you are accomplished
Increase disillusion with their involvement in an activity

70
Q

Minimizing burnout

A

Cross training
Incorporation of variety to reduce monotony in workload
Distinguish between overload (stress, but necessary) and overtraining (inadequate recovery)
Minimize sport specialization in children
Reducing shame/stigma associated with burnout (signs of weakness, okay to ask for help)

71
Q

Research Methods

A

Questionnaires: Psychological inventories- standardized measures of target thoughts, feelings, or behaviors
Interviews: Require structure, interviewer training, and evidence of data trustworthiness
Direct Observation: Video Coding
Physiological Measure: Biofeedback (BP, HR, HRV)
Biochemical Measures: Blood/urine analysis of stress hormones
Content Analysis: Analyze written material from various sources

72
Q

Discipline

A

Field of study using methodical approaches to examine moral situation

73
Q

Reflection

A

Quest our assumptions about habits, customs, traditions

74
Q

Morality

A

Sets of ideas that lead to guidelines about the ways things should be and what kinds of things we should value as a society

75
Q

Goal of morality

A

Protect the best and highest quality of life for each individual and the community

76
Q

Values

A

Intrinsic things we hold dear/consider important

77
Q

Group Morality

A

Health professionals embrace some moral values, duties, and characteristics that do not apply equally to everyone else
Good samaritan laws vs Duty to act

78
Q

Law

A

Defined by government
Formal rules
Minimum standards of behavior

79
Q

Ethics

A

Defined by individuals
Informal guidelines
Ideal behavior

80
Q

Ethical decision making

A
  1. Define and differentiate between ethics and morality
  2. Describe 4 pathways to analyze ethical problems
  3. 6 step process
81
Q

Patient Centered Care

A

Patient focus and seen as a whole

82
Q

Principle Based Approach

A

Develop concrete guidelines/methods
Principles proves these guidelines
Autonomy, Beneficence, nonmaleficence, fidelity, justice, paternalism, veracity

83
Q

Beneficence

A

To do good

84
Q

Nonmaleficence

A

Not do harm

85
Q

Fidelity

A

True to your word

86
Q

Justice

A

Benefits and burdens are shared equally

87
Q

Paternalism

A

Making choice for someone

88
Q

Veracity

A

Trust telling

89
Q

Deontological Theory

A

Duty

90
Q

Teleological Theory

A

Outcome

91
Q

6 step process

A
  1. get story straight
  2. classify problem
  3. use ethical theories or approaches to analyze
  4. explore practical alternatives
  5. complete the action
  6. evaluate process and outcome
92
Q

Biomechanics

A

Applications of mechanical principles to understand effects of forces on physical functions and structures

93
Q

Mechanics

A

branch of physics that studies kinematics and kinetics
Kinematics: study of motion
Kinetics: study cause of motion

94
Q

Applying biomechanics to understand

A

Improved outcomes of our movements (performance effectiveness)
Increase or maintain safety and health of our tissues

95
Q

Displacement

A

Difference between initial and final position
How far
Measured in meters
d=d final-d initial

96
Q

Velocity

A

Rate of change in position
Unit: m/s
v=d final - d initial / delta t

97
Q

Acceleration

A

Rate of change in velocity
Unit: m/s^2
a=v final - v initial / delta t

98
Q

Mass

A

Inertia
Quantity of matter in a body
Unit: kg

99
Q

Force

A

a push or pull
F=ma
Unit: newton

100
Q

Force (definition)

A

Friction, gravity, air resistance
External: applied by another object
Internal: forces generated inside the body

101
Q

Newton’s 3 Laws of Motion

A

Newton’s 1st Law: Law of Inertia
Newton’s 2nd Law: Law of Acceleration
Newton’s 3rd Law: Law of Action and Reaction

102
Q

Newton’s 1st Law

A

Law of Inertia
Object at rest tends to stay at rest and an object in motion tends to stay in motion unless acted upon by another force
F=O

103
Q

Newton’s 2nd Law

A

Law of Acceleration
Change in motion of an object is proportional to force applied
Change in motion is the direction that force is applied
F=ma

104
Q

Newton’s 3rd Law

A

Law of Action and Reaction
For every action force, there is an equal and opposite reaction
F = - F
AB. AB

105
Q

Biomechanics Specific

A

Researchers
Sports performance specialists
Clinical biomachincs
Professors
Ergonomics

106
Q

Biomechanics Adjascent

A

Physical therapists
Athletic Trainers
Coaches

107
Q

Motion Capture (MoCap)

A

Taking markers on key parts of body with camera to record movement and see depth and detail
High speed cameras

108
Q

Micro Electro mechanical systems (MEMS) sensors

A

Inertia measurement units
Mini accelerometers/gyroscopes with micro electrical circuits
Apple watch

109
Q

Force Transducers

A

Measure forces

110
Q

Force Platform

A

Ground reaction force

111
Q

Plantar Pressure System

A

Pressure=force applied over a given time

112
Q

Electromyography (EMG) system

A

Skeletal Muscle Force

113
Q

Movement technique

A

Precise position, prescribed movement patterns, proper timing

114
Q

What are the best technique?

A

Interaction between goals and performer dictate “best” or “most correct”
NO ONE SIZE FITS ALL

115
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Increase in size of individual muscle fibers

116
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Increase in number of muscle fibers

Kinesiology (3 decks)

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