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Psy-350 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

fear

A

cns physiological and emotional response to an immediate, serious threat to one’s well-being (jump scare)

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2
Q

anxiety

A

cns physiological and emotional response to a vague sense of threat or danger (waiting for jump scare)

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3
Q

anxiety disorders

A

most common mental disorders in the united states

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4
Q

anxiety-based disorders

A

generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and social anxiety disorder (SAD)

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5
Q

generalized anxiety disorder

A

excessive anxiety experienced under most circumstances; worry about practically everything

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6
Q

generalized anxiety disorder criteria

A
  1. person experiences disproportionate, uncontrollable, and ongoing anxiety and worry about multiple matters
  2. symptoms include at least three of edginess, fatigue, poor concentration etc
  3. significant stress or impairment
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7
Q

GAD

A

most likely to develop in people faced with dangerous ongoing social conditions

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8
Q

SAD criteria

A
  1. pronounced, disproportionate and repeated anxiety about social situations in which the individual could be exposed to scrutiny by others (6+ months)
  2. fear of being negatively evaluated by or offensive to others
  3. exposure to the social situation almost always produced anxiety
  4. avoidance of feared situations
  5. significant distress or impairment
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9
Q

SAD cognitive-behavioral perspective

A

interplay of cognitive/behavioral factors; dysfunctional beliefs and expectations about social interactions; unrealistically high social standards and perfectionism; inept social behaviors inevitably leads to terrible consequences; avoidance and safety behaviors performed to reduce or prevent these disasters

tied to genetic predispositions, trait tendencies, biological abnormalities, traumatic childhood/parenting

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10
Q

cognitive behavioral treatment

A

exposure therapy: treatment in which persons are exposed to the objects or situations they dread

rational for treatment = habituation

graded exposure: pace of treatment; construct fear heirarchy where feared stimuli are ranked according to difficulty

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11
Q

fear-based phobias

A

panic disorders

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12
Q

panic attack criteria

A

period, short bouts of panic that occur suddenly, reach a peak of less than 10 minutes, and gradually pass

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13
Q

panic disorder criteria

A

unforeseen panic attacks occur repeatedly, one or more attacks precede either at least one months of continual concern, or dysfunctional behavior changes associated with the attacks

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14
Q

panic disorder cognitive behavioral perspective

A

bodily sensations are misinterpreted as signed of medical catastrophe and artificially controlled by avoidance and safety behaviors

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15
Q

panic disorder cbt treatment

A

educate about nature of panic attacks; use cognitive restructuring to challenge innaccurate interpretations; graded interoceptive exposure therapy

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16
Q

agoraphobic situations

A

pronounced, disproportionate or repeated fear about being in at least two of the following: public transit, parking lots, shops, lines or crowds, away from home

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17
Q

agoraphobia criteria

A

pronounced, disproportionate, or repeated fear about being in at least two delineated situations; fear of such agoraphobic situations derives from a concern that it would be hard to escape or get help; avoidance of the agoraphobic situations; significant distress or impairment

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18
Q

OCD

A

obsessions: persistent thoughts, ideas, impulses or images that seem to invade a persons consciousness

compulsions: repetitive and rigid behaviors or mental acts that people they must perform to prevent or reduce anxiety

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19
Q

OCD cb perspective

A

everyone has repetitive, unwanted, and intrusive thoughts; those who develop OCD blame themselves for these normal intrusive thoughts and expect that terrible things will happen as a result

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20
Q

OCD cb treatment

A

focus on the cognitive processes that help to produce and maintain obsessive thoughts and compulsive acts; use exposure and response prevention

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21
Q

fight or flight response

A

set into motion by hypothalamus; ANS including brain, spinal cord, and organs for involuntary actions, activates SNS; endocrine system, activated hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis HPA axis

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22
Q

traumatic event

A

an event where a person is exposed to actual or threatened death, serious injury or sexual violation

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23
Q

acute stress disorder

A

fear and related symptoms begin soon after trauma and last for less than one month; ~50% of cases develop into PTSD

24
Q

PTSD

A

fear and related symptoms experienced either shortly after the trauma or months or years afterward

25
Q

acute and ptsd biological factors

A

brain-body stress routes (SNS and HPA axis systems): pre-trauma over-reactive to moderate stressor. post-trauma: over reactivity, more cortisol and norepinephrine

26
Q

acute and ptsd biological factors - brains stress circuits

A

overlap between fear, arousal, and anxiety brain circuits; amygdala - emotional reactions (fear, panic), activated when confronted with a stressor, prefrontal cortex, PTSD: over-reactive amygdala; hippocampus: forming memories

27
Q

acute and ptsd cognitive factors and styles

A

factors: increased risk of ptsd, preexisting memory impairments, intolerance of uncertainty, inflexible coping style, negative worldview, resilience, manageable stress exposure

severity and nature of the traumatic event a person encounters may determine whether the individual will develop a stress disorder

28
Q

acute and ptsd treatment

A

cognitive processing therapy: includes a dose of exposure

prolonged exposure: mindfulness-based techniques, eye movement desensitization

exposure-based treatment is the best intervention for people with ptsd

29
Q

dissociative amnesia criteria

A

person cannot recall important life-related information, typically traumatic or stressful information; leads to significant distress or impairment; symptoms are not caused by a substance or medical condition

30
Q

dissociative amnesia types

A

localized: most common; loss of all memory of events within limited period

selective: loss of memory for some, but not all events within period

31
Q

dissociative fugue

A

extreme version of dissociative amnesia; people not only forget their personal identities and details of their past, but also flee to an entirely different location

32
Q

depersonalization

A

feeling separation from own body; having mechanical dreamlike, dizzy feelings; awareness that perceptions are distorted

33
Q

derealization

A

feeling external world/reality is unreal and strange; changing object shape or size

34
Q

unipolar symptoms of depression

A

emotional symptoms: sadness, experiencing little pleasure, anger

motivational symptoms: lacking drive, some die by suicide

behavioral symptoms: less active, social withdrawal, slower movement

cognitive symptoms: hold negative views, blame themselves, pessimistic

physical symptoms: headaches, dizzy spells, indigestion, sleep disturbances

35
Q

unipolar depression criteria

A
  1. for 2 weeks, person displays an increased in depressed mood
  2. person also experiences three or four depressive symptoms
  3. significant distress or impairment
36
Q

major depressive disorder vs persistent depressive disorder

A

major: presence of major depressive episode, no pattern of mani or hypomania

persistent: person experiences symptoms of major or mild depression for at least 2 years; symptoms not absent for more than 2 months at a time; no history of mania; significant distress

37
Q

unipolar depression biochemical factors

A

reflection of disorder or help produce disorder (low activity of serotonin/norepinephrine); interactions between neurotransmitters (glutamate, responsible for stimulating neurons is low)

38
Q

unipolar second gen antidepressants

A

serotonin reuptake inhibitors (prozac); selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (atomoxetine); serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (venlafaxine)

39
Q

unipolar depression behavioral perspective

A

number of life rewards related to presence or absence of depression; strong relationship between positive life events and feelings of life satisfaction and happiness

40
Q

unipolar depression negative cognitions

A

beck: uni depression is produced by a combo on maladaptive attitudes, cognitive errors in thinking and automatic thoughts (cognitive triad)

watkins: ruminative responses, longer feelings of dejection, and increased likelihood of later life clinical depression

41
Q

unipolar depression cog-beh treatment

A

reintroduction to pleasurable events/activities; limited help as solo treatment

beck: 1 - increasing activities
2 - challenging auto thoughts
3 - identifying negative thinking
4 - changing primary attitudes

42
Q

unipolar depression sociocultural perspective

A

uni depression influences by social context and outside triggers

43
Q

uni depression family-social perspective

A

decline in social rewards impacts depression; weak or unavailable social support, isolation and lack of intimacy

44
Q

uni depression multicultural perspective

A

few differences in symptoms between racial groups, hispanic and black americans more likely to have recurrent depression; uneven distribution with some minority groups

45
Q

uni depression developmental psychopathology perspective

A

uni depression is caused by a combo of genetics, earily life trauma, magnitude and timing of factors, and resiliency to adversities in childhood

46
Q

bipolar disorder manic episode criteria

A
  1. for 1 week or more, person displays inflated irritable mood
  2. person also experiences three of reduced sleep, shifting ideas, heightened activity, excessive pursuit
  3. significant distress or impairment
47
Q

bipolar disorder I vs II

A

I: occurence of manic episode; hypomaniac or major depressive episodes may precede or follow manic episode
II: presence or history of depressive episode/hypomaniac episode; no history of manic episode

48
Q

bipolar disorder diagnosis (cyclothymic)

A

milder form of bipolar disorder; continues for 2+ years; usually begins in adolescence or early adulthood

48
Q

bipolar disorder biological perspective

A

believed to be genetic predispositions; high norepinephrine + low serotonin; improper transport of ions back and forth between neurons membrane

49
Q

suicide

A

self-inflicted death with an intentional and conscious effort to end one’s life; variety of motives and concerns and levels of ambivalence

50
Q

nonsuicidal self-injury

A

distinct from suicide attempt - true intent behind these behaviors may be unclear; direct and deliberate destruction of one’s own body tissue without an intent to die

51
Q

suicidal factors

A

stressful events; mood changes; alcohol and drug use; mental disorders; modeling

immediate stressors: loss of loved one, job; natural disaster

long term stressor: social isolation; serious health problem; abusive environment; occupational stress

52
Q

suicidal factors cont.

A

mental disorders: majority of those who attempt suicide have psycho disorder; unipolar/bipolar depression (70%)

modeling: suicidal act appears to serve as model for other such acts, especially among teens

53
Q

underlying cause of suicide sociocultural perspective

A

durkheim: suicide probability is determined by attachment to social groups such as family, religious institutions and community

interpersonal beliefs: percieved burdensomeness, thwarted belongingness; hopelessness

basic motivation to live can weaken with exposure to adverse events (abuse, trauma)

54
Q

suicide relationship to age

A

older adults are most likely to commit suicide and are most successful

because: illness, loss of loved ones, loss of control over their life, loss of social status, ethnicity, interpersonal theory

Psy-350 (1 decks)

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