Exam 2 Flashcards
fear
cns physiological and emotional response to an immediate, serious threat to one’s well-being (jump scare)
anxiety
cns physiological and emotional response to a vague sense of threat or danger (waiting for jump scare)
anxiety disorders
most common mental disorders in the united states
anxiety-based disorders
generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and social anxiety disorder (SAD)
generalized anxiety disorder
excessive anxiety experienced under most circumstances; worry about practically everything
generalized anxiety disorder criteria
- person experiences disproportionate, uncontrollable, and ongoing anxiety and worry about multiple matters
- symptoms include at least three of edginess, fatigue, poor concentration etc
- significant stress or impairment
GAD
most likely to develop in people faced with dangerous ongoing social conditions
SAD criteria
- pronounced, disproportionate and repeated anxiety about social situations in which the individual could be exposed to scrutiny by others (6+ months)
- fear of being negatively evaluated by or offensive to others
- exposure to the social situation almost always produced anxiety
- avoidance of feared situations
- significant distress or impairment
SAD cognitive-behavioral perspective
interplay of cognitive/behavioral factors; dysfunctional beliefs and expectations about social interactions; unrealistically high social standards and perfectionism; inept social behaviors inevitably leads to terrible consequences; avoidance and safety behaviors performed to reduce or prevent these disasters
tied to genetic predispositions, trait tendencies, biological abnormalities, traumatic childhood/parenting
cognitive behavioral treatment
exposure therapy: treatment in which persons are exposed to the objects or situations they dread
rational for treatment = habituation
graded exposure: pace of treatment; construct fear heirarchy where feared stimuli are ranked according to difficulty
fear-based phobias
panic disorders
panic attack criteria
period, short bouts of panic that occur suddenly, reach a peak of less than 10 minutes, and gradually pass
panic disorder criteria
unforeseen panic attacks occur repeatedly, one or more attacks precede either at least one months of continual concern, or dysfunctional behavior changes associated with the attacks
panic disorder cognitive behavioral perspective
bodily sensations are misinterpreted as signed of medical catastrophe and artificially controlled by avoidance and safety behaviors
panic disorder cbt treatment
educate about nature of panic attacks; use cognitive restructuring to challenge innaccurate interpretations; graded interoceptive exposure therapy
agoraphobic situations
pronounced, disproportionate or repeated fear about being in at least two of the following: public transit, parking lots, shops, lines or crowds, away from home
agoraphobia criteria
pronounced, disproportionate, or repeated fear about being in at least two delineated situations; fear of such agoraphobic situations derives from a concern that it would be hard to escape or get help; avoidance of the agoraphobic situations; significant distress or impairment
OCD
obsessions: persistent thoughts, ideas, impulses or images that seem to invade a persons consciousness
compulsions: repetitive and rigid behaviors or mental acts that people they must perform to prevent or reduce anxiety
OCD cb perspective
everyone has repetitive, unwanted, and intrusive thoughts; those who develop OCD blame themselves for these normal intrusive thoughts and expect that terrible things will happen as a result
OCD cb treatment
focus on the cognitive processes that help to produce and maintain obsessive thoughts and compulsive acts; use exposure and response prevention
fight or flight response
set into motion by hypothalamus; ANS including brain, spinal cord, and organs for involuntary actions, activates SNS; endocrine system, activated hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis HPA axis
traumatic event
an event where a person is exposed to actual or threatened death, serious injury or sexual violation
acute stress disorder
fear and related symptoms begin soon after trauma and last for less than one month; ~50% of cases develop into PTSD
PTSD
fear and related symptoms experienced either shortly after the trauma or months or years afterward
acute and ptsd biological factors
brain-body stress routes (SNS and HPA axis systems): pre-trauma over-reactive to moderate stressor. post-trauma: over reactivity, more cortisol and norepinephrine
acute and ptsd biological factors - brains stress circuits
overlap between fear, arousal, and anxiety brain circuits; amygdala - emotional reactions (fear, panic), activated when confronted with a stressor, prefrontal cortex, PTSD: over-reactive amygdala; hippocampus: forming memories
acute and ptsd cognitive factors and styles
factors: increased risk of ptsd, preexisting memory impairments, intolerance of uncertainty, inflexible coping style, negative worldview, resilience, manageable stress exposure
severity and nature of the traumatic event a person encounters may determine whether the individual will develop a stress disorder
acute and ptsd treatment
cognitive processing therapy: includes a dose of exposure
prolonged exposure: mindfulness-based techniques, eye movement desensitization
exposure-based treatment is the best intervention for people with ptsd
dissociative amnesia criteria
person cannot recall important life-related information, typically traumatic or stressful information; leads to significant distress or impairment; symptoms are not caused by a substance or medical condition
dissociative amnesia types
localized: most common; loss of all memory of events within limited period
selective: loss of memory for some, but not all events within period
dissociative fugue
extreme version of dissociative amnesia; people not only forget their personal identities and details of their past, but also flee to an entirely different location
depersonalization
feeling separation from own body; having mechanical dreamlike, dizzy feelings; awareness that perceptions are distorted
derealization
feeling external world/reality is unreal and strange; changing object shape or size
unipolar symptoms of depression
emotional symptoms: sadness, experiencing little pleasure, anger
motivational symptoms: lacking drive, some die by suicide
behavioral symptoms: less active, social withdrawal, slower movement
cognitive symptoms: hold negative views, blame themselves, pessimistic
physical symptoms: headaches, dizzy spells, indigestion, sleep disturbances
unipolar depression criteria
- for 2 weeks, person displays an increased in depressed mood
- person also experiences three or four depressive symptoms
- significant distress or impairment
major depressive disorder vs persistent depressive disorder
major: presence of major depressive episode, no pattern of mani or hypomania
persistent: person experiences symptoms of major or mild depression for at least 2 years; symptoms not absent for more than 2 months at a time; no history of mania; significant distress
unipolar depression biochemical factors
reflection of disorder or help produce disorder (low activity of serotonin/norepinephrine); interactions between neurotransmitters (glutamate, responsible for stimulating neurons is low)
unipolar second gen antidepressants
serotonin reuptake inhibitors (prozac); selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (atomoxetine); serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (venlafaxine)
unipolar depression behavioral perspective
number of life rewards related to presence or absence of depression; strong relationship between positive life events and feelings of life satisfaction and happiness
unipolar depression negative cognitions
beck: uni depression is produced by a combo on maladaptive attitudes, cognitive errors in thinking and automatic thoughts (cognitive triad)
watkins: ruminative responses, longer feelings of dejection, and increased likelihood of later life clinical depression
unipolar depression cog-beh treatment
reintroduction to pleasurable events/activities; limited help as solo treatment
beck: 1 - increasing activities
2 - challenging auto thoughts
3 - identifying negative thinking
4 - changing primary attitudes
unipolar depression sociocultural perspective
uni depression influences by social context and outside triggers
uni depression family-social perspective
decline in social rewards impacts depression; weak or unavailable social support, isolation and lack of intimacy
uni depression multicultural perspective
few differences in symptoms between racial groups, hispanic and black americans more likely to have recurrent depression; uneven distribution with some minority groups
uni depression developmental psychopathology perspective
uni depression is caused by a combo of genetics, earily life trauma, magnitude and timing of factors, and resiliency to adversities in childhood
bipolar disorder manic episode criteria
- for 1 week or more, person displays inflated irritable mood
- person also experiences three of reduced sleep, shifting ideas, heightened activity, excessive pursuit
- significant distress or impairment
bipolar disorder I vs II
I: occurence of manic episode; hypomaniac or major depressive episodes may precede or follow manic episode
II: presence or history of depressive episode/hypomaniac episode; no history of manic episode
bipolar disorder diagnosis (cyclothymic)
milder form of bipolar disorder; continues for 2+ years; usually begins in adolescence or early adulthood
bipolar disorder biological perspective
believed to be genetic predispositions; high norepinephrine + low serotonin; improper transport of ions back and forth between neurons membrane
suicide
self-inflicted death with an intentional and conscious effort to end one’s life; variety of motives and concerns and levels of ambivalence
nonsuicidal self-injury
distinct from suicide attempt - true intent behind these behaviors may be unclear; direct and deliberate destruction of one’s own body tissue without an intent to die
suicidal factors
stressful events; mood changes; alcohol and drug use; mental disorders; modeling
immediate stressors: loss of loved one, job; natural disaster
long term stressor: social isolation; serious health problem; abusive environment; occupational stress
suicidal factors cont.
mental disorders: majority of those who attempt suicide have psycho disorder; unipolar/bipolar depression (70%)
modeling: suicidal act appears to serve as model for other such acts, especially among teens
underlying cause of suicide sociocultural perspective
durkheim: suicide probability is determined by attachment to social groups such as family, religious institutions and community
interpersonal beliefs: percieved burdensomeness, thwarted belongingness; hopelessness
basic motivation to live can weaken with exposure to adverse events (abuse, trauma)
suicide relationship to age
older adults are most likely to commit suicide and are most successful
because: illness, loss of loved ones, loss of control over their life, loss of social status, ethnicity, interpersonal theory
