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ASCI 35 F+F > exam 2 > Flashcards

exam 2 Flashcards

anatomy/physiology

1
Q

digestive system

A

long tube beginning w/ mouth, ending w/ anus

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2
Q

what happens in digestive system

A
  • large complex molecules break down to simpler molecules (digestion)
  • simpler molecules cross cellular lining (absorption)
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3
Q

absorption

A

simpler molecules cross cellular lining

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4
Q

digestion

A

large, complex molecules break down into simpler molecules

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5
Q

functions of GI tract

A

digestion & absorption

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6
Q

GI tract

A

gastrointestinal tract

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7
Q

four major digestive systems

A

ruminant, monogastric, modified monogastric, avian

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8
Q

ruminant

A

4 compartment stomach
EX. sheep, cattle

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9
Q

monogastric

A

1 simple stomach, extensive intestines
EX. swine, humans

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10
Q

modified monogastric

A

1 stomach w/ extensive intestinal system & enlarged cecum
EX. horses, rabbits

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11
Q

avian

A

begins w/ mouth, includes several unique structures before ending at cloaca
EX. poultry, various birds

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12
Q

mouth (prehension tool)

A
  • grasps and chews food
  • breaks down food particles
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13
Q

salivary glands

A
  • mouth
  • secrete juices containing enzymes to begin digestion (limited w/ horses)
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14
Q

bolus

A
  • mouth
  • chewed up food covered in saliva formed
  • soft cohesive mass of food, saliva, enzyme
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15
Q

structures of mouth

A
  • lips, beak, teeth, tongue
  • varies in species
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16
Q

ruminant mouth

A
  • dental pad
  • no top teeth
  • cattle use tongue (graze)
  • sheep use lips (graze)
  • limitedly chews –> regurgitate and re-masticate (chew) food
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17
Q

why can sheep access higher quality feed in the same pasture [as cows…]?

A

they can eat until the root which has more nutrient since it is fresher, young plant material
but it can cause added parasite risks

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18
Q

avian mouth

A
  • uses peck to grab food
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19
Q

4 functions of saliva

A
  1. lubricate and binds bolus to prevent esophagus damage
  2. aids in taste reception by solubilizing
  3. contains digestive enzyme for starch (not horses, small amt in carnivore/cattle)
  4. acts as a buffer to normalize pH (important ruminants!!!!)
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20
Q

esophagus

A
  • muscular tube connects mouth to stomach
  • smooth muscle contracts rhythmically causing contents to move (peristalsis)
  • muscle contraction controlled by CNS
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21
Q

peristaltic movement

A
  • sequential contraction of ring-like muscles
  • happens at 0 gravity to varying degrees (even if animal upside down)
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22
Q

reverse peristalsis

A

vomiting/cud (not horses!!)

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23
Q

esophagus monogastric

A

tube to transport bolus (swallowing) to GI tract to stomach

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24
Q

esophagus ruminant

A

tube to transport bolus (swallowing) to GI tract to reticulum/rumen

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25
Q

esophagus avian

A

tube to transport bolus (swallowing) to GI tract to crop

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26
Q

esophageal sphincter

A

end of esophagus, one way ring of muscle that relax to allow food to enter stomach

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27
Q

rumination

A

cud chewing. reverses action

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28
Q

stomach

A
  • muscular contractions break down food
  • gastric glands inside stomach wall
  • very acidic pH, inactivates salivary amylase
  • stomach protect itself from acid w/ mucus
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29
Q

gastric glands in stomach

A
  • secretes digestive juices (HCl & powerful/pro-enzymes)
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30
Q

gastric enzymes

A

pepsin and rennin (young) begin to break down proteins

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31
Q

enzymes

A

end in “-ase” and act on other form…
EX. cellulase = cellulose, lipase = lipid

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32
Q

small intestine sections

A
  • duodenum
  • jejunum
  • ileum
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33
Q

small intestine & functions

A
  • long coiled tube connecting stomach to large intestine (3x body length)
  • surface covered w/ intestinal villi
  • majority of digestion by enzymatic action
  • absorption of AA, monosaccharides, lipid components
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34
Q

approximately 90+% of digestion and all absorption occurs in SI which requires LOTS of surface area. how is this achieved?

A
  • muscular folds also serves to mix feed
  • villi (villus = 1) increases surface area & absorption
  • microvilli (brush border membrane) contains enzymes and improves absorption bc surface area
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35
Q

villi

A

tiny, fingerlike protrusions along the walls of small intestines
- takes in units of carbo, pro, lipids, vits, and some water/mins through enterocytes

36
Q

duodenum

A
  • Brunner’s gland secretes alkaline mucuous (protects DDN from acidic chyme, provides alkaline env to activate enz, and lubricates intestinal walls)
  • receives secretions from pancreas & liver via ducts
  • bile emulsifies fat
  • protein digestion continues
  • Fe absorption
37
Q

jejunum

A
  • long villi & more microvilli
  • enzymatic digestion continues
  • main site in SI of absorption for CHO + proteins
38
Q

ileum

A
  • short in most livestock
  • absorbs B12 + bile salts
  • absorption of fat/fat soluble vitamins
  • absorption of remaining nutrients
  • microbial population growth starts
39
Q

SI intestinal walls

A

made up of smooth muscle that contract & relax, moves food or chyme forward then slightly backward

40
Q

pancreatic duct

A

bile & pancreatic juices dumped through duct into duodenum

41
Q

pancreas (acc organ)

A
  • secrete enzymes to act on protein, CHO, fat
  • secretes & dumps alkali containing juice to help BUFFER (counteract) HCl acid from stomach and digest
42
Q

why is alkali containing juice to help buffer HCl acid from stomach and digest important?

A

to prevent villi of small intestines from being damaged and prevent ulcerations

43
Q

liver (acc organ)

A
  • secretes bile (stored in gallbladder)
  • metabolic regulator/nutrient metabolism
  • waste product removal
  • nutrient storage (iron, vits, glycogen)
  • drug inactivation
44
Q

how does the bile secreted in the liver aid in fat digestion and absorption?

A

bile breaks it up, lipase attacks, breaks down fat into… makes it more accessible to absorb

45
Q

large intestine

A
  • final digestive structure, most nutrients absorbed by the time chyme/digested food reach it
  • no villi
  • minerals absorbed
  • microbial digestion occurs in cecal fermenters
46
Q

sections of large intestine

A
  • cecum
  • colon
  • rectum
47
Q

primary role of large intestine

A

convert chyme into feces for excretion

48
Q

colon (LI)

A

the colon absorbs water from the chyme, changing it from liquid to solid

49
Q

pregastric (cecal fermentation)

A

fermentation that occurs in the rumen of ruminant animals. occurs before food passes into small intestine [ruminants]

50
Q

postgastric (cecal fermentation)

A

fermentation of feed occurs in cecum behind SI [cecal fermenters: horse]

51
Q

rumen (paunch) - ruminant digestive system

A
  • largest compartment
  • located on left side of abdomen
  • primarily anaerobic
  • lined w/ papillae (inc surface area)
  • several strong muscular pillars (not solid, made up of old roughage) that divides rumen and contracts to mix and partition feed
52
Q

what do the strong muscular pillars do in the rumen that are made up of old roughage?

A

they divide the rumen and contract to mix and partition the feed

53
Q

functions of rumen

A
  1. storage
  2. soaking
  3. microorganism home
54
Q

microbe functions

A
  • fermentation of carbohydrates
  • synthesis of vit B12
  • microbial protein
55
Q

reticulum (hardware stomach) - ruminant

A
  • located next to heart
  • honeycomb appearance
  • no enzyme secreted
56
Q

why is the reticulum called the hardware stomach?

A

bc it collects foreign material such as nails, wire, plastic, etc

57
Q

omasum (buchers bible) - ruminant

A
  • many piles (folds) that prevent feed from leaving rumen if too large
  • removes fluid
  • traps food particles until size is reduced
  • no enzymes from walls
58
Q

why is removing fluid in omasum important?

A

bc feed that is passing is very liquidly which can cause enzymes to be dilute that are in the abomasum

59
Q

abomasum (true stomach) - ruminant

A
  • same function as glandular stomach of monogastrics
  • digestion by gastric secretions from walls (such as HCl acid + enzymes.. pepsin/rennin)
  • secretes enzymes from walls
  • mucin (mucus) protects lining from being digested
60
Q

rumination (cud chewing)

A
  • decreases particle size for better microbe/enzyme action
  • increases saliva production to buffer rumen
  • amt of ruminant depends on fiber content of diet
  • controls intake/gain or productivity
  • feed should be <1mm before leaving rumen
61
Q

what is the relationship between microbial organisms & animal?

A

symbiotic - both sides benefit

62
Q

what do microbes get in reticulorumen environment from animal that make it an ideal place for microorganism?

A
  • constant temperature
  • moist environment
  • anaerobic environment
  • feed provides substrate (food)
  • end products removed
63
Q

what do ruminants get in reticulorumen environment from microbes?

A
  • ability to digest fibrous feeds
  • can change poor quality to higher quality protein
  • some vitamin production
64
Q

what are the microbe types?

A

bacteria, protozoa, fungi

65
Q

bacteria

A

biggest component, smallest size

66
Q

protozoa

A

larger but fewer in number

67
Q

fungi

A
68
Q

the type and number of rumen microorganisms depend on what?

A
  • feed composition (forage vs concentrate)
  • level of intake (correlation w/ population)
69
Q

fibrous feeds are more efficiently digested by what?

A

fibrous feeds are more efficiently digested by rumen microbes than in LI (cecum)

70
Q

true or false: cellulase & hemicellulose are microbial enzymes

A

TRUE

71
Q

dietary upset

A

too much grain too quickly

72
Q

what does dietary upset cause?

A

it causes rapid change in microbial population which greatly affects fiber digestion

73
Q

why is milk bypassing the rumen beneficial?

A

the ruminant animal gets the ability to improve protein quality

74
Q

rumen in young ruminants

A

sterile at birth

75
Q

young ruminant abomasum

A

much larger that allows them to rely on milk for more nutrients

76
Q

young ruminant inoculation

A

through environment and saliva

77
Q

reticulo-rumen - young ruminants

A

grows w/ fibrous feed introduction & as the animal grows

78
Q

esophageal/reticular groove - young rum

A

during nursing/bucket feed, milk bypass rumen & goes directly to abomasum via esophageal groove

79
Q

what does reflex action(ex. calf nursing) prevent when it closes the esophageal groove to form a tube-like structure?

A

reflex action prevents milk/milk replacers from entering rumen bc if calf drinks milk too fast, it may overflow into rumen

80
Q

what are the disadvantages of microbial fermentation?

A
  • all levels of protein quality end up as microbial protein
  • high quality protein downgrade to intermediate
81
Q

how is milk (high quality protein) protected from microbial fermentation?

A

it is protected by the esophageal groove bc it doesn’t go to the rumen

82
Q

readily degradable carbs (sugar & starch) are covered to what and why?

A

converted to volatile fatty acids (VFA) to be absorbed and used as energy source

83
Q

why are VFAs good and bad?

A

good bc it can be absorbed through rumen wall. bad bc microbes need some energy

84
Q

microbial fermentation uses some consumed energy

A

8-10% end up as methane that need to be belched

85
Q

ruminants use poor quality feed to produce milk/meat

A

makes feed conversion rates appear poor

86
Q
A

ASCI 35 F+F (1 decks)

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