Exam 2 Flashcards
Koilonikia
“spoon nails” a sign of chronic iron deficiency; to resolve, up iron in either
diet or supplements
Craniosynostosis
birth defect in which one or more sutures close too early, causing
asymmetrical brain and skull growth to the high pressure; helmet to cure
Alopecia
hair thinning in born sexes after age 40; genetically determined and sex
influenced
Striae
acute, short term traumas to skin can cause blisters/extreme stretching of the skin
causing dermal tears and leaving silvery white scars.
Hirsutism
in women, when production of androgens ↑, excessive hairiness occurs as
well as other signs of masculinization
1st Degree Burn
only epidermis is damaged (ex.sun burn), acute heat, redness, pain/usually no
scarring.
2nd Degree Burn
epidermis and upper dermis, blisters, little to no scarring, heals in 3-4 weeks
3rd Degree Burn
full thickness burn; appears gray-white, cherry red or black; nerve endings
burned off scarring, skin graft may be needed, higher risk of infection
melanin
Melanocytes secrete melanin which is found in hair and skin; functions to shield the
nucleus from damage by the UV radiation. Active in stratum basale.
COME: Corneum
“horny layer”, 20 -30 rows of flat, anucleated, dead cells; accounts
for 3⁄4 of epidermal thickness; protect from water loss, penetration and act as barrier
LETS: Lucidum
“clear layer”; found only in thick skin (palms and soles); thin
translucent band of 2-3 rows of dead keratinocytes
GET: Granulosum
4-6 layered (flat), nuclei and organelles disintegrate as flattened;
keratinization begins; lamellar granules slow water loss
SOME: Spinosum
(prickly layer); web-like system of intermediate prekeratin filaments
attached to desmosomes to resist tension and pulling; contains keratinocytes,
melanosomes and dendritic cells.
BEER: Basale
“base”, firmly attached to dermis; single row of stem cells that undergo
mitotic division (one stays, other goes); producing two daughter cells each time; 10-25% of layer= melanocytes
Mucus Membrane
lines cavities that open to the outside; stratified squamous; secrete lubricating mucus
Serous Membrane
simple squamous; serous fluid to prevent friction and ↑ sliding of organs.
Anagen phase
active phase; new hair growth
Caragen phase
transition phase; marks end of active phase
Telogen phase
resting period for follicle
basic functions of bone
-Provide shape and support
-Protect internal organs
-Produce and store blood cells
-Store minerals
types of cells involved with appositional growth
-Bones widen by appositional growth
-Osteoblasts in the periosteum add compact bone to outer surface to ↑ width of diaphysis
Long bone
distinct shaft, medullary cavity filled with yellow bone marrow (fat); distinct ends…
limbs
Short bone
no diaphysis, cube-liked shape…carpals,tarsals, patellae
Flat bone
thin, no medullary cavity; sternum, ribs, scapulae; roofing
Irregular
irregular shaped
what protects pituitary gland?
Sella turcica of sphenoid bone: bony depression in which the pituitary gland sits
What is trabeculae?
-Structural unit of spongy bone
-Thin beams of beams of bone aligned,lines of stress
-Web-like
Cervical column
small and oval body, foramen Δ, bind spinous process for muscle attachment,
transverse foramina to carry nerves and veins
Thoracic column
♡ shaped, larger than cervical to ↑ support, foramen=small and round 〇,
transverse process articulates with ribs
Lumbar column
massive kidney shaped body, foramen large and Δ, spinous process short and
blunt
intramembranous growth
develop from existing membrane of dense CT (skull and clavicle)
Endochondral growth
bone forms from hyaline cartilage, continues through childhood as long
bone lengthens
Hyaline cartilage
most abundant, collagen fibers, resist compressive stress, costal cartilages of
ribs/embryo,articular cartilage of joint
Elastic cartilage
strengthen and flexibility (ear and epiglottis)
Fibrocartilage
thick cartilage fibers/compressive shock absorber ( back and knee)
Dermis
-Mostly fibrous CT, strong and flexible
-Vascular
-Fibroblasts, macrophages
-Nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels
-Hair follicles, oil glands, sweat glands
Nondisplaced fracture
ends retain normal position vs displaced: ends are out of normal alignment
Complete fracture
broken all the way through vs incomplete: not broken all the way through
Open (compound) fracture
skin is penetrated
closes (simple)
skin is not penetrated
comminuted fracture
3+ pieces (aged/old)
compression fracture
crushed (osteoporotic)
depressed fracture
inward(skull)
greenstick
incomplete(children)
Cervical vertebral foramina
enlarged because of spinal cord enlargement due to the large number of nerves
that innervate the upper limbs
Lumbar vertebral foramina
spinal cord enlargement due to numerous nerves innervating the lower limbs
Layers of the skin order
(superficial to deep)
Come (corneum)
Lets (lucidem)
Get (granulosum)
Some(spinosum)
Beer(basale)
osteocytes
-Mature bone cell that monitors and maintains the mineralized bone matrix
-Embedded in pits of calcified matrix (lacunae)
-Extensions pass through tiny canals (caliculus)
osteoporosis
-Bone density is lost
-Most often in aged, post menopausal women due to the ↓ in estrogen
-↑ bone break
Tibia and bone prominences
● Medial bone that bears weight
○ Medial and lateral condyles
○ Intercondylar eminence
○ Tibial tuberosity
○ Anterior border
○ Medial malleolus
○ Fibular notch
fibula
● Non weight bearing; no articulation with femur
● Several muscles originate from fibula
● Articulate proximally and distally with tibia
○ Head and lateral malleolus
wrist bones
● Wrist joint formed by scaphoid, lunate, and triquetrum
● (Some Lovers Try Positions That They Can’t Handle)
scapula;bony prominences
● Thin,triangular, flat bones on dorsal surfaces of rib cage between ribs 2 and 7
● Has 3 borders
○ Superior: shortest, sharpest border
○ Medial (vertebral): runs parallel to spine
○ Lateral (axillary): near armpit, ends superiorly in glenoid cavity fossa (shoulder
joint)
● Bone features
○ Spine: prominent ridge posteriorly
○ Acromion: lateral projection that articulates with acromial end of clavicle to form acromioclavicular joint
○ Coracoid process: anterior projection that anchors bicep muscle of arm
○ Superscapular notch: opening for nerves
○ Several large fossae names according to location
humerus and bony structures, fractures
● Largest and longest upper limb bone
● Articulates suppository with glenoid fossa of scapula and inferiorly with radius and ulna
○ Head
○ Anatomical neck
○ Surgical neck: most frequently fractured
Colles fracture
fracture of distal forearm; end of radius bent backwards; damages to median nerve, common with falls
Bimalleolar
fracture in medial and lateral malleolus of tibia and fibula (distal ends) common in sports
Acromioclavicular
collision sports injury; immobilization with sling
Humeral fracture
surgical neck of humerus
Ordering (bone repair)
1)hematoma forms
2) fibrocartilaginous callus forms
3) bony callus forms
4) bone remodeling
burns, rule of 9’s
● Ant and post head and neck= 9%
● Ant and post upper limbs= 9% each (total = 18%)
● Ant and post trunk= 36%
● Ant and post lower limbs=36% (each 18%)
clavicle
● S-shaped sternal end;artic. medially w/sternum
● Flattened acromial end;artic. laterally w/scapula
● Anchors muscles and acts as brace for lateral arm movement
radius
Lateral forearm bone
○ Head articulates with capitulum of humerus and radial notch of ulna
○ Radial tuberosity anchors bicep
○ Ulnar notch articulates with ulna
○ Radial styloid process anchors ligaments
femur
● Largest and strongest
● Can bear ↑↑↑ weight
● Articulates proximally with acetabulum of hip and distally with tibia and patella
humerus; articulates with scapula
Glenoid fossa; head of humerus fits into glenoid cavity
articulation between humerus and ulna
● Inferior articulation
● Olecranon and coronoid processes grip trochlea of humerus to form hinge joint
skin,glands (sexual scent)
Apocrine glands
Cervical vertebrae unique feature
Transverse foramina
Thoracic vertebrae unique feature
Transverse processes
Lumbar vertebrae unique feature
articular facets interlock
