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Neuroscience Lab > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Define ipsilateral.

A

Same side of the midline

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2
Q

Define contralateral.

A

Opposite side of the midline.

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3
Q

Where is caudal?

A
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4
Q

Where is rostral?

A
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5
Q

Where is dorsal?

A
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6
Q

Where is ventral?

A
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7
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system?

What does it include?

A

Nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. Includes somatic nervous system & autonomic nervous system

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8
Q

What is the somatic nervous system?

A

Innervates skeletal muscles & carry sensory information from periphery to CNS

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9
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system?

A

Regualtes interal organs, blood vessels, glands.

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10
Q

What does the central nervous system include?

A

-brain & spinal cord

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11
Q

Why is the olfactory bulb in a rat much bigger if they have a small size brain?

A

Rats depend much more on olfactory senses so they have a larger olfactory bulb

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12
Q

What is a dorsal root?

Sensory or motor?

A

Sensory. (Cell bodies in ganglia)

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13
Q

What is a ventral root?

Sensory or motor?

A

Motor. (Cell body in ventral horn - no ventral root ganglia)

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14
Q

What are the 3 meninges that surround the CNS?

A
  1. Dura mater
  2. Arachnoid membrane
  3. Pia mater
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15
Q

What is the prosencephelon?

What structures does it contain?

A

Forebrain
- telencephalon: cerebrum, hippocampus, basal ganglia
- diencephalon: hypothalamus, thalamus

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16
Q

What is the mesencephalon?

What structures does it include?

A

Midbrain:
- Tectum (roof): inferior & superior coliculi
- Tegmentum (floor): VTA & substantia nigra

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17
Q

What is the rhombencephalon?

What structures does it include?

A

Hindbrain:
- Metencephalon: cerebellum & pons
- Myelencephalon: medulla oblongata

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18
Q

What is a gyrus?

A

Bumps of the cerebrum surface

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19
Q

What is a sulcus?

A

Grooves in the cerebrum surface

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20
Q

What is a fissure?

A

Especially deep groove in the cerebrum surface

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21
Q

Label all of the lobes.

A
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22
Q

Label the selected gyri, sulci, and fissures.

What are the functions?

A
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23
Q

Describe the corticospinal pathway.

A
  • Upper motor neurons - cell body in precentral gyrus.
  • Axons pass through internal capsule
  • Axons pass through cerebral peduncles
  • Axons pass through pyrmidal tract
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24
Q

What is a nerve?

A

Bundle of axons in the PNS

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25
Q

What is cranial nerve I?

What is its function(s)?

A

Oflactory
- smell (sensory)

26
Q

What is cranial nerve II?

What is its function(s)?

A

Opitic
- vision (sensory)

27
Q

What is cranial nerve III?

What is its function(s)?

A

Oculomotor
- eye movement (motor)

28
Q

What is cranial nerve IV?

What is its function(s)?

A

Trochlear
- eye movement (motor)

29
Q

What is cranial nerve V?

What is its function(s)?

A

Trigeminal
- jaw muscles (motor)
- face sensations (sensory)

30
Q

What is cranial nerve VI?

What is its function(s)?

A

Abducens
- eye movements (motor)

31
Q

What is cranial nerve VII?

What is its function(s)?

A

Facial
- facial expressions (motor)
- sense of taste (sensory)

32
Q

What is cranial nerve VIII?

What is its function(s)?

A

Vestibulocochlear
- hearing & balance (sensory)

33
Q

What is cranial nerve IX?

What is its function(s)?

A

Glossopharyngeal
- taste (sensory)
- throat muscles (motor)

34
Q

What is cranial nerve X?

What is its function(s)?

A

Vagus
- Visercal sensory
- Visceral motor

35
Q

What is cranial nerve XI?

What is its function(s)?

A

Spinal Accessory
- shoulder & neck muscles (motor)

36
Q

What is cranial nerve XII?

What is its function(s)?

A

Hypoglossal
- tongue movement (motor)

37
Q

What are ventricles?

A

Interconnected CSF-filled caverns inside the brain

38
Q

What is the choroid plexus?

A

Specialized tissue in ventricles that secretes CSF

39
Q

What is the septum pellucidum?

A

A membrane that separates the anterior horns of the lateral ventricles

40
Q

Identify each colored structure.

A

Blue - lateral ventricles
Bright blue - interventricular foramina
Yellow - third ventricle
Red - Cerebral aqueduct
Purple - Fourth ventricle
Green - central canal

41
Q

What does the thalamus do?

Where in the diencephalon is it found?

A

Relays most types of sensory infromation to cortex

Dorsal part of diencephalon

42
Q

What does the hypothalamus do?

Where in the diencephalon is it found?

A

Controls autonomic NS, motivated behaviors, and many endocrine systems

Ventral part of diencephalon

43
Q

What structures does the tectum contain?

What part of the midbrain is it?

A
  • superior colliculus: visual processing
  • inferior colliculus : auditory processing

Roof of the midbrain

44
Q

What structures does the tegmentum contain?

What part of the midbrain is it?

A
  • Substantia nigra: dopamine production
  • Reticular formation: sleep
  • Periaqueductal gray: pain modulation

Floor of the midbrain

45
Q

What are the structures of the hindbrain?

What are their functions?

A
  • Pons: mediating hearing, vestibular, and taste functions, sleep & arousal
  • Medulla Oblongata: crucial for vital functions
  • Cerebellum: fine motor control
46
Q

What is a tract?

A

A nerve tract is a bundle of axons connecting nuclei of the central nervous system.

47
Q

What is a ganglion?

A

A ganglion is a collection of neuronal cell bodies found in the peripheral nervous system.

48
Q

What is a nucleus?

A

A cluster of neuronal cell bodies in the central nervous system

49
Q

What structures does the limbic system include?

A

Cingulate cortex, hippocampus, amygdala

50
Q

What is the function of the basal ganglia?

What structures does it contain?

A

Mediates motor, procedural learning, and “reward functions.”
- Striatum
- Globus pallidus
- Substania nigra

51
Q

What structures make up the striatum?

A
  • Dorsal striatum: caudate nucleus + putamen
  • Ventral striatum: nucleus accumbens
52
Q

What structures make up the lentiform nucleus?

A
  • Globus pallidus
  • Putamen
53
Q

Where are the vertebral arteries and where do they supply blood?

A

Vertebral arteries run through the vertebrae on the dorsal side of the neck. They supply blood to the more caudal structures of the brain.

54
Q

Where is the internal cartoid artery and where does it supply blood?

A

The internal carotid lies more anterior and supplies the more raustral structures of the brain.

55
Q

What supplies blood to the cerebellum?

A

Cerebellar arteries

56
Q

What supplies blood to the cerebral cortex?

A

The anterior, middle, and posterior cerebral arteries

57
Q

Identify the functions of 1,2,3,4,17, 41/42, & 44/45.

A

1,2,3 = primary somatosensory
4 = primary motor
17 = primary visual
41/42 = auditory
44/45 = Broca’s area
22 = Wernicke’s area

58
Q

How does a CT scan work?

What does it show?

A

A measure of X-ray absorption at several positions around the head. Image of “brain slice” is digitally reconstructed. It shows the brain’s structure.

59
Q

How does an MRI work?

What does it show?

A

Strong magnets cause protons in brain tissue to line up in parallel, a pusle of radio waves alters the spin of protons. Protons will reconfigure themselves, emitting radio waves that differ by tissue density.

Gives higher resolution of images of the brain’s structure.

60
Q

How does an fMRI work?

What does it show?

A

Active neurons demand more glucose and oxygen and therefore have greater blood flow to active regions. fMRI measures changes in magnetization between oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood.

An indirect measure of brain activity.

61
Q

How does a PET scan work?

What does it show?

A

Uses radioactive chemicals injected into the bloodstream and maps their destination by the radioactive emissions.

Identifies which brain regions contribute to specfic functions.

62
Q

Label the circled blood vessels.

A

Neuroscience Lab (3 decks)

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