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FB 2 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Genes

A

Unit of heredity

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2
Q

Chromosome

A

Codes for many genes

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3
Q

Homologous chromosome

A

Maternal and paternal chromosomes (homo=same)

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4
Q

alleles

A

Different versions of genes

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5
Q

homozygous

A

If alleles are identical

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6
Q

heterozygous

A

If alleles are different

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7
Q

dominant

A

Shows a phenotype effect even when there is only one copy

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8
Q

recessive

A

shows a phenotypic effect only when there is two copies

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9
Q

genotype

A

Genes… Ex: Hh or HH or hh

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10
Q

phenotype

A

Physical… Ex: Black hair

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11
Q

autosomal

A

Not a sex chromosome basically

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12
Q

carrier

A

Heterozygous individuals of recessive traits

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13
Q

pleiotropy

A

alleles that are responsible for multiple symptoms

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14
Q

incomplete dominance

A

results in intermediate effect of alleles

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15
Q

codominance

A

shows phenotype of both alleles

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16
Q

sex-linked

A

Show unique patterns of inheritance
- Sperm parent will transmit allele to all daughters and no sons
- egg parent transmit half and half

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17
Q

epistasis

A

alters phenotypic ratios: If something is required to show certain trait

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18
Q

polygenic inheritance

A

a single trait, rather than being specified by one pair of alleles is determined by many genes (eye color, height, skin color)

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19
Q

aneuploidy

A

When a cell has an abnormal number of chromosomes

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20
Q

polyploidy

A

Have multiple sets of chromosomes (anything more than diploid)

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21
Q

macromolecule

A

4 groups: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic acids
- Most are polymers

22
Q

What is required to make macromolecules

A

Hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, nitrogen

23
Q

ionic bonds

A

electron transfer

24
Q

covalent bond

A

electron sharing

25
Q

non polar covalent bond

A

share electrons equally in a molecule

26
Q

polar covalent bond

A

do not share equally, one electron has a stronger attraction for the electrons

27
Q

hydrogen bond

A

the bond of H2O

28
Q

What is the relationship between trisomy’s and nondisjunction?

A

When a normal gamete combines with a gamete that has an extra chromosome, the resulting zygote is trisomic

29
Q

Karyotype

A

individuals COMPLETE set of chromosomes

30
Q

Why is a fragile site of potential concern?

A

DNA can break!!

31
Q

advantages of polyploidy

A

can withstand drought, plants and fruits are larger, less susceptible to harmful effects of mutation

32
Q

disadvantages of polyploidy

A

can loose chromosomes during mitosis

33
Q

hydrogen and oxygen

A

obtained from water

34
Q

carbon

A

autotroph: carbon dioxide
heterotroph: organic compounds

35
Q

nitrogen

A

ammonia or amino acids

36
Q

atom

A

smallest unit of matter

37
Q

molecule

A

two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds

38
Q

hydroxyl group

A

-OH: alcohol

39
Q

amino group

A

-NH2: amino

40
Q

Phosphate group

A

-OPO3^2-: organic phosphate

41
Q

Acids

A

molecules that dissociate in H2O and release H ions (increases H), low on the pH scale

42
Q

bases

A

substances that reduce the H by accepting H ions (Decreases H), high on the pH scale

43
Q

cytosine

A

NH2!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

44
Q

Thymine

A

CH3!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

45
Q

Uracil

A

just O

46
Q

Adenine

A

NH2-C

47
Q

guanine

A

C-NH-C

48
Q

5-Carbon sugars

A

-Deoxyribose: 2 OH
-Ribose: 3 OH

49
Q

trace elements

A

the other 4% of elements that take up the body other than CHON

50
Q

How are ions generated

A

when atoms lose or gain electrons in order to fulfill the octet rule and have full outer valence electron shells

FB 2 (3 decks)

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