Exam #2 Flashcards
Rods
Detect black, white, and gray
Cones
Clustered near center of retina, detecting fine detail, and colors
Perceptual Adaption
Adjusting our perception even when vision is changed, senses can adapt (backwards bike)
Audition
Physical, hearing
How are sound waves transformed into nerve impulses
physical energy to neural impulses
What sounds can humans hear best?
Human voices
What are the four basic and distinct skin senses?
Pressure, warmth, cold, and pain
Cochlea
Inner ear, looks like a snail
Auditory nerve
Transmits to the auditory cortex in temporal lobe
Endorphins
Natural pain killers, morphine stimulates endorphins
Gustation
Taste
Olfaction
Smell, Chemical. Less acute than seeing and hearing
Kinesthesia
Awareness of body position and movement
Vestibular sense
Monitors your head position and movement (car sickness)
What are the 5 taste sensations?
Sweet, sour, salty, bitter, unmami
What is pain for?
To show us that something is wrong
What are the 7 sensory systems, their source, their receptors, and their key brain areas?
Auditory, touch, pain, gustation, olfaction, kinesthesia, and vestibular senses.
Sensorimotor
Piaget’s stages object permanence
Preoperational
Symbolic thinking: Things can represent other things
Conservation
Can’t perform mental operations, transforming things in your mind
Concrete operational
Comprehending, mathematical, transformations, and conservation (cat in the room = sneezing, cat not in the room = not sneezing)
Formal operational
Abstract reasoning (math with letters, knowing that they represent numbers) (a+b=c)
Zone of proximal development
Vygotsky’s Theory:social process of learning (why we play sports with people that are as good as we are)
How does motor development differ from skill development in infancy and childhood?
Motor development happens to everybody, skill development genes play a factor (hand eye coordination)
What influences the social development and attachment styles in infancy and childhood
Body contact, familiarity, strange situation (Ainsworth’s research)
What physical developments (in the brain) occur during adolescence?
Growth of myelin (able to think quickly), frontal lobe lagging behind limbic system (teenagers not being able to process emotion)
According to Erikson, what is the main “conflict” in adolescence?
Developing identity, experiencing/experimenting with identity and roles
What impacts well-being in middle and late adulthood
Mid-life crisis, Erikson’s Intimacy, forming relationships
Classical conditioning
Biologically adaptive, helping animals prepare for good/bad events (dogs getting excited when you pick up the lease)
Neutral stimulus
Doesn’t create automatic response (ringing the bell before the experiment)
Unconditional stimulus
Creates unconditioned response (smelling meat and salivating)
Unconditioned response
Response to stimulus automatically without thinking
Conditioned stimulus
Stimulus that produces a certain response (bell, that means food)
Conditioned response
A response through LEARED stimulation
Acquisition
The initial stage of classical conditioning (“acquiring” learned association)
Extinction
When acquisition stops
Generalization
Applying the association to more than just the conditioned stimulus
Operant chamber
“Skinner box” B.F. Skinner, Reinforcing desired behavior, punishing undesired behavior
Operant conditioning
Cats ringing a bell for food
Discrimination
Recognize differences in similar stimulus (flinching at a gun, not a firework)
Shaping
Gradually reward behaviors until desired behavior is achieved
Reinforcement
Something you do to encourage the behavior (do more of that)
Punishment
Discouraging undesired behavior (do less of that)
Positive reinforcement
Adding something to increase the desired behavior (giving a dog a treat when they sit)
Negative reinforcement
Removing something to increase the desired behavior (decreasing jail time for good behavior)
Positive punishment
Adding something to decrease undesired behavior (adding chores if kid doesn’t get their homework done)
Negative Punishment
Removing something to decrease undesired behavior (changing the wifi password as punishment)
Partial reinforcement
Limiting reinforcement to keep desired behavior
Gender expression
How you express your gender (clothes, hair, physical appearance)
Gender Identity
How you feel on the inside
Social learning theory
Observing gender roles (boys learning how to be a man from their father) and the way we are “supposed” to express gender
