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psy 100 > exam 2 > Flashcards

exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the difference between rods and cones?

A

cones detect color and distinct details. rods detect black, white, grey, peripheral, and twilight.

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2
Q

what kinds of sounds can humans hear best?

A

human voices

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3
Q

what are the four basic and distinct skin senses?

A

pressure
warm
cold
pain

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4
Q

what is pain for?

A

tells us when something is wrong

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5
Q

what are the five taste sensations?

A

sweet
sour
salty
bitter
unami

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6
Q

how does motor development differ from skill development in infancy and childhood?

A

everyone develops motor skills around the same time but skill development is dependent to your environment and varies for each person

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7
Q

what influences the social development and attachment styles in infancy and childhood?

A

body contact, familiarity, and strange situation

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8
Q

perceptual adaptation

A

our perception can be adjusted even when our vision changes

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9
Q

audition

A

hearing. sound waves physically move your eardrum.

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10
Q

cochlea

A

inner ear cavity. filled with fluid. important for hearing and important for vestibular sense (balance)

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11
Q

auditory nerve

A

nerve that transports hearing to your inner brain

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12
Q

endorphins

A

natural pain killers

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13
Q

gustation

A

taste, chemical sense

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14
Q

olfaction

A

smell, chemical sense

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15
Q

kinesthesia

A

awareness of your body position and movement. tap fingers together without looking at them.

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16
Q

vestibular sense

A

monitors your head’s position and movement. balance.

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17
Q

sensorimotor

A

if they can see and touch it it’s real but if it disappears it isn’t real

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18
Q

preoperational

A

understands that things can be changed but is still based on what they can see (moving water from one cup to a smaller looking cup)

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19
Q

conservation

A

understanding that something will stay the same despite change in container, shape, or apparent size

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20
Q

concrete operational

A

dont need to see something to reason through it (move water from one cup to another smaller looking cup)

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21
Q

formal operational

A

abstract reasoning and mature moral reasoning. is able to view things from others perspectives.

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22
Q

zone of proximal development

A

specific zone where people learn the most. people can do something with help

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23
Q

classical conditioning

A

pavlov’s original experiment with the dog

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24
Q

what is the fundamental conflict of adolescence?

A

identity

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25
Q

neutral stimulus

A

a stimulus that doesn’t create any automatic response. the bell, in the beginning, means nothing.

26
Q

unconditional stimulus

A

creates an unconditioned response. the food makes the dog salivate.

27
Q

unconditioned response

A

a response to a stimulus you automatically do without thinking. salivate when seeing the food before the association or the food+bell also.

28
Q

conditioned stimulus

A

eventually triggers a conditioned response.
the bell after the dog learned it means food.

29
Q

conditioned response

A

a response you have learned through association. just bell= salivation

30
Q

acquisition

A

the initial stage of classical conditioning. when you start acquiring the learned associations.

31
Q

extinction

A

when the association goes away

32
Q

generalization

A

applying the association to more than just the conditioned stimulus. if the dog started salivating to a similar noise.

33
Q

discrimination

A

recognizing differences in similar stimulus. opposite of generalization.

34
Q

operant conditioning

A

rewards and punishment

35
Q

shaping

A

gradually rewarding behaviors until the desired behavior is achieved. successive operations.

36
Q

reinforcement

A

something you do to encourage the behavior

37
Q

punishment

A

something you do to discourage the behavior

38
Q

positive reinforcement

A

add something to increase desired behavior

39
Q

positive punishment

A

add something to decrease undesired behavior

40
Q

negative reinforcement

A

removing something to increase desired behavior

41
Q

negative punishment

A

remove something to decrease undesired behavior

42
Q

continuous reinforcement

A

get a gold star every time you read a book. good for teaching a new behavior.

43
Q

partial reinforcement

A

when someone already knows something is good behavior so you don’t want them to expect treats every time. good for keeping good behavior around.

44
Q

gender expression

A

how you demonstrate your gender to others

45
Q

gender identity

A

gender that you feel matches who you are

46
Q

sex assigned at birth

A

physical genetic code. XX=female, XY=male

47
Q

intersex

A

some aspect of reproductive anatomy doesn’t match exclusively female or exclusively male

48
Q

cisgender

A

sex matches gender identity

49
Q

transgender

A

sex does not match gender identity

50
Q

agender

A

does not identify gender

51
Q

what impacts well-being in middle and late adulthood

A

cultural expectations

52
Q

what are some applications of classical conditioning in the real world?

A

the video of the guy shooting his roommate with the airsoft gun

53
Q

describe skinner’s operant chamber

A

allows researchers to study animal behavior and response to conditioning. If a bird pushes a button they get a treat.

54
Q

is reinforcement or punishment better when parenting? why?

A

people respond better to reinforcement. punishment is teaching someone to just not get caught.

55
Q

what is the difference between sex and gender?

A

gender is man and woman, sex is male and female

56
Q

how do we learn the way we are “supposed” to express gender?

A

by observing and imitating others

57
Q

what do nonbinary cultural examples teach us?

A

gender is a cultural construct

58
Q

what is one thing we cannot sense

A

wetness

59
Q

when does adolescence start?

A

puberty

60
Q

what are the different parenting styles?

A

authoritative-best kind of parent
authoritarian-helicopter parent
negligent-no nurturing or attention
permissive-doesn’t enforce rules

psy 100 (4 decks)

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