exam 2 Flashcards
what is the difference between rods and cones?
cones detect color and distinct details. rods detect black, white, grey, peripheral, and twilight.
what kinds of sounds can humans hear best?
human voices
what are the four basic and distinct skin senses?
pressure
warm
cold
pain
what is pain for?
tells us when something is wrong
what are the five taste sensations?
sweet
sour
salty
bitter
unami
how does motor development differ from skill development in infancy and childhood?
everyone develops motor skills around the same time but skill development is dependent to your environment and varies for each person
what influences the social development and attachment styles in infancy and childhood?
body contact, familiarity, and strange situation
perceptual adaptation
our perception can be adjusted even when our vision changes
audition
hearing. sound waves physically move your eardrum.
cochlea
inner ear cavity. filled with fluid. important for hearing and important for vestibular sense (balance)
auditory nerve
nerve that transports hearing to your inner brain
endorphins
natural pain killers
gustation
taste, chemical sense
olfaction
smell, chemical sense
kinesthesia
awareness of your body position and movement. tap fingers together without looking at them.
vestibular sense
monitors your head’s position and movement. balance.
sensorimotor
if they can see and touch it it’s real but if it disappears it isn’t real
preoperational
understands that things can be changed but is still based on what they can see (moving water from one cup to a smaller looking cup)
conservation
understanding that something will stay the same despite change in container, shape, or apparent size
concrete operational
dont need to see something to reason through it (move water from one cup to another smaller looking cup)
formal operational
abstract reasoning and mature moral reasoning. is able to view things from others perspectives.
zone of proximal development
specific zone where people learn the most. people can do something with help
classical conditioning
pavlov’s original experiment with the dog
what is the fundamental conflict of adolescence?
identity
neutral stimulus
a stimulus that doesn’t create any automatic response. the bell, in the beginning, means nothing.
unconditional stimulus
creates an unconditioned response. the food makes the dog salivate.
unconditioned response
a response to a stimulus you automatically do without thinking. salivate when seeing the food before the association or the food+bell also.
conditioned stimulus
eventually triggers a conditioned response.
the bell after the dog learned it means food.
conditioned response
a response you have learned through association. just bell= salivation
acquisition
the initial stage of classical conditioning. when you start acquiring the learned associations.
extinction
when the association goes away
generalization
applying the association to more than just the conditioned stimulus. if the dog started salivating to a similar noise.
discrimination
recognizing differences in similar stimulus. opposite of generalization.
operant conditioning
rewards and punishment
shaping
gradually rewarding behaviors until the desired behavior is achieved. successive operations.
reinforcement
something you do to encourage the behavior
punishment
something you do to discourage the behavior
positive reinforcement
add something to increase desired behavior
positive punishment
add something to decrease undesired behavior
negative reinforcement
removing something to increase desired behavior
negative punishment
remove something to decrease undesired behavior
continuous reinforcement
get a gold star every time you read a book. good for teaching a new behavior.
partial reinforcement
when someone already knows something is good behavior so you don’t want them to expect treats every time. good for keeping good behavior around.
gender expression
how you demonstrate your gender to others
gender identity
gender that you feel matches who you are
sex assigned at birth
physical genetic code. XX=female, XY=male
intersex
some aspect of reproductive anatomy doesn’t match exclusively female or exclusively male
cisgender
sex matches gender identity
transgender
sex does not match gender identity
agender
does not identify gender
what impacts well-being in middle and late adulthood
cultural expectations
what are some applications of classical conditioning in the real world?
the video of the guy shooting his roommate with the airsoft gun
describe skinner’s operant chamber
allows researchers to study animal behavior and response to conditioning. If a bird pushes a button they get a treat.
is reinforcement or punishment better when parenting? why?
people respond better to reinforcement. punishment is teaching someone to just not get caught.
what is the difference between sex and gender?
gender is man and woman, sex is male and female
how do we learn the way we are “supposed” to express gender?
by observing and imitating others
what do nonbinary cultural examples teach us?
gender is a cultural construct
what is one thing we cannot sense
wetness
when does adolescence start?
puberty
what are the different parenting styles?
authoritative-best kind of parent
authoritarian-helicopter parent
negligent-no nurturing or attention
permissive-doesn’t enforce rules
