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culture and society exam 2 > exam 2 > Flashcards

exam 2 Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Viki (Chimp)

A

learned 4 words in 7 years: mama, papa, cup,cup

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2
Q

Washoe (Chimp)

A

learned more than 100 signs in ASL

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3
Q

Lucy (Chimp)

A

learned asl, exhibited human traits like telling lies and teaching others

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4
Q

Koko (Gorilla)

A

used 400-700 ASL signs

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5
Q

FoxP2

A

an important gene in language development

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6
Q

Productivity

A

combining 2 or more signs to create new expressions

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7
Q

Displacement

A

the ability to talk about things that are not present

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8
Q

Kinesics

A

body language: movements and gestures

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9
Q

Descriptive Linguistics

A

the scientific study of spoken language

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10
Q

Phonology

A

Study of speech sounds

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11
Q

Morphology

A

forms in which sounds combine to form morphemes

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12
Q

Syntax

A

arrangement and order of words in phrases or sentences

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13
Q

Lexicon

A

dictionary containing all morphemes and their meanings

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14
Q

Chomsky

A

believed all languages have a common structural basis (Universal Grammar)

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15
Q

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

A

different languages produce different ways of thinking

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16
Q

Focal Vocabulary

A

specialized sets of terms and distinctions that are important to cultural groups

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17
Q

Sociolinguistics

A

investigates the relationship between social and linguistic variations, or language in its social context

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18
Q

Linguistics relativity

A

All dialects are equally effective as systems of communication

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19
Q

Style shifts

A

varying speech in different context

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20
Q

William Labov

A

pronunciation associated with prestige

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21
Q

Pierre Bourdieu

A

Proper language is a strategic resource, and a path to wealth, prestige, and power. He views linguistic practices as symbolic capital

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22
Q

Deborah Tannen

A

studied differences in the communication styles of men and women

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23
Q

Daughter languages

A

languages that descend from same parent language that have been changing separately for hundreds or even thousands of years

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24
Q

Protolanguage

A

original language from which daughter languages descend

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25
Q

Subgroups

A

languages within a taxonomy of related languages that are most closely related

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26
Q

Ethnic Groups

A

members are related by shared beliefs, values, habits, customs, and norms

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27
Q

Status

A

positions people occupy in society

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28
Q

Ascribed Status

A

little or no choice about occupying the status given

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29
Q

Achieved Status

A

through choices, actions, efforts, talents, or accomplishments, may be positive or negative

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30
Q

Racial Classification

A

placement into discrete categories based on common ancestry

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31
Q

Phenotypical traits

A

an organism’s evident traits

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32
Q

William Loomis

A

Explains the role of UV radiation in stimulating vitamin D

33
Q

Rule of Descent

A

assigns social identity on the basis of ancestry

34
Q

Hypodescent

A

automatically places children of mixed marriages in the group of their minority parent

35
Q

Nations

A

society sharing a common language, religion, history, territory, ancestry, and kinship

36
Q

States

A

stratified society with formal, central government

37
Q

Nation-state

A

autonomous political entity

38
Q

Assimilation

A

when a minority adopts the patterns and norms of the host culture

39
Q

Plural societies

A

society with economically interdependent ethnic groups

40
Q

Multiculturalism

A

view of cultural diversity as valuable and worth maintaining in its own right

41
Q

Prejudice

A

the devaluing of a group because of its assumed behavior, values, capabilities, or
attributes

42
Q

De Facto

A

practiced but not legally sanctioned (police treatment of minorities)

43
Q

De Jure

A

part of the law

44
Q

Genocide

A

deliberate elimination of a group

45
Q

Ethnocide

A

destruction of cultures of certain ethnic groups

46
Q

Forced Assimilation

A

dominant group forces an ethnic group to adopt the dominant culture

47
Q

Ethnic Expulsion

A

removing groups who are culturally different from a country

48
Q

Refugees

A

people who are forced or who have chosen to flee a country

49
Q

Cultural Colonialism

A

internal domination by one group and its culture or ideology over others

50
Q

Foraging

A

reliance on natural resources

51
Q

Horticulture

A

non-intensive shift cultivation

52
Q

Pastoralism

A

focused on domesticated animals

53
Q

Nomadism

A

entire group move with the animals throughout the year

54
Q

Transhumance

A

part of group moves with herd; most stay in home village

55
Q

Mode of production

A

refers to the varied ways that human beings collectively produce the means of subsistence in order to survive

56
Q

Means of production

A

land, labor, technology, and capital

57
Q

Economizing

A

rational allocation of scarce means/resources to alternative ends/uses

58
Q

K. Polanyi’s 3 principles of exchanges

A
  1. Market Principle- buying, selling, valuation depends on supply and demand.
    * 2. Redistribution- goods go to center then back out.
    * 3. Reciprocity- exchange between social equals
59
Q

Market Principle

A

buying, selling, valuation depends on supply and demand

60
Q

Redistribution

A

goods go to center then back out

61
Q

Reciprocity

A

exchange between social equals

62
Q

Balanced reciprocity

A

Direct exchange

63
Q

Negative reciprocity

A

potentially hostile exchanges among strangers

64
Q

Generalized reciprocity

A

exchanges among closely related individuals

65
Q

Potlatch

A

Festive event within a regional exchange system among tribes of North Pacific Coast of North America

66
Q

Band

A

small kin-based group among foragers

67
Q

Tribe

A

non-intensive food production

68
Q

Chiefdom

A

intermediate form between tribes and states. Differential access to resources/permanent political structures

69
Q

State

A

formal government, socioeconomic stratification

70
Q

Pantribal sodalities

A

groups that extend across tribes, spanning several villages

71
Q

Big man

A

like a village head, except his authority is regional and may have influence over more
than one village (regional authority)

72
Q

Economic status

A

wealth, material assets, income, land, property

73
Q

Prestige

A

basis of social status

74
Q

Judiciary control

A

legal procedure and judges

75
Q

Fiscal systems

A

taxation

76
Q

Hegemony

A

internalization of a dominant ideology to maintain power of the elite

77
Q

Cadeia (jail)

A

past phase of an extended political/legal process

78
Q

Enretthe (sorcery attack)

A

was believed such a punitive sorcery attack would kill the thief or make him extremely ill.

79
Q

Ehaya (shame)

A

thief would experience extended feeling of disgrace

culture and society exam 2 (4 decks)

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