Exam 2

Question 1

Definition

Answer 1

A rule of paraphrase intended to explain meaning.

Question 2

Lexical Definition

Answer 2

Explaining current usage (objective)

Question 3

Stipulative Definition

Answer 3

Specifying your own usage (specifies how you’re going to use the term) (subjective) (device for abbreviating)

Question 4

Clarifying Definiton

Answer 4

Stipulates a clearer meaning for a vague term (more precise for the subject)

Question 5

Recursive Definition

Answer 5

One that first specifies some things that the term applies to and then specifies that if the term applies to certain things, then it also applies to certain other things

Question 6

Logical Positivism

Answer 6

“How could the truth or falsity of the statement in principle be discovered by conceivable observable tests?”

Question 7

Pragmatism

Answer 7

“What conceivable practical difference to someone could the truth or falsity of the statement make?”

Question 8

Analytic

Answer 8

The denial of the claim is self-contradictory. Or the claim is included in the meaning of the subject term.

Question 9

Synthetic

Answer 9

Claim is neither analytically true, nor self-contradictory. It makes a coherent claim that goes beyond the meaning of the terms.

Question 10

A Priori

Answer 10

Claims provable apart from sense experience (rational)

Question 11

A Posteriori

Answer 11

Claims that need sense experience to demonstrate their truthfulness or falsity

Question 12

Circularity

Answer 12

Presumes the truth of what is to be proved. Uses a premise to prove a conclusion - and then uses that conclusion to prove the premise.

Question 13

Ambiguous

Answer 13

Changes the meaning of a term or phrase within the argument.

Question 14

Appeal to Emotion

Answer 14

Stir up feelings instead of arguing in a logical manner.

Question 15

Beside the Point

Answer 15

Argues for a conclusion irrelevant to the issue at hand. (when the information within an argument does not actually support its conclusion)

Question 16

Straw Man

Answer 16

Misrepresents an opponent’s views.

Question 17

Appeal to Crowd

Answer 17

Most people believe A, therefore A is true

Question 18

Opposition

Answer 18

Our opponents believe A, therefore A is false

Question 19

Genetic

Answer 19

We can explain why you believe A, therefore A is false

Question 20

Appeal to Ignorance

Answer 20

No one has proved A, therefore A is false OR No one has disproved A, therefore A is true

Question 21

Post Hoc/False Cause

Answer 21

A happened after B. therefore A was caused by B

Question 22

Part Whole

Answer 22

This is F, therefore every part of this is F OR Every part of this is F, therefore this is F

Question 23

Appeal to Authority

Answer 23

X holds A is true, therefore A is true

Question 24

Ad Hominem

Answer 24

X holds A to be true, X is bad, X isn’t fully reasonable/trusted in holding A (Changing the topic by attacking the character of a person, rather than addressing the topic)

Question 25

Pro Con

Answer 25

The reasons in favor of A are…therefore A is good. The reasons against A are…therefore A is bad (only lists the pros or cons of a position)

Question 26

Black and White

Answer 26

Oversimplifies by assuming that one or another of two extreme cases must be true

Question 27

False Stereotype

Answer 27

Assume that the members of a certain group are more alike than they actually are

Question 28

Appeal to Force

Answer 28

Use threats or intimidation to get a conclusion accepted

Question 29

Complex Question

Answer 29

Question that assumes the truth of something false or doubtful

Question 30

Self-Contradictory

Answer 30

The claim is internally inconsistent/self-refuting.