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Neuro of DA > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the benefits of animal testing?

A

ability to control everything (diet, stress)

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2
Q

face validity

A

tests done on animals that closely resemble those done to humans

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3
Q

predictive validity

A

drug effects that are found in the lab mimic or predict the clinical effect

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4
Q

construct validity

A

the extent to which the animal measurement tool actually measures the characteristic being investigated

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5
Q

vehicle solution

A

what the drug/placebo is delivered in (saline)

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6
Q

negative control

A

placebo drug

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7
Q

positive control

A

drug

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8
Q

fixed ratio

A

an animal receives a treat after a certain number of presses on a lever

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9
Q

fixed interval

A

an animal receives a treat after a certain amount of time

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10
Q

what are some measures of motor activity?

A

video tracking, infrared light beams, open field tests

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11
Q

what are some measures of analgesia?

A

tail flick test, hot plate test, operant analgesia test

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12
Q

operant conditioning

A

an animal responds to a cue to obtain a reinforcer (food) and avoid a punishment

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13
Q

what are some learning/memory tests?

A

t maze, radial arm maze, morris water maze

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14
Q

delayed response test

A

wechsler memory scale

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15
Q

what are some tests to measure anxiety?

A

light dark crossing task, elevated plus maze, zero maze, one chamber social interaction test, novelty suppressed feeding paradigm

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16
Q

what are some tests to measure fear

A

conditioned emotional response, fear potentiated startle

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17
Q

what are some tests to measure depression

A

behavioral despair, forced swim test, suspension test, chronic mild unpredictable stress model, chronic social defeat stress, maternal separation, sucrose preference test

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18
Q

what are some methods of drug reward and reinforcement

A

self administration method, conditioned place preference

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19
Q

what are the nine types of stereotaxic surgery

A

lesioning: an electrode is inserted to destroy brain tissue, and behavior is evaluated before and after

neurotoxins: injected via a cannula to destroy cells

cannulas: can be used to administer drugs or neurotransmitters to stimulate cells

specific neurotoxins: used for different neural pathways that use particular neurotransmitters

microdialysis: measurement of neurotransmitters released in a specific brain region while the subject is engaged in behavior

in vivo voltammetry: implanted microelectrodes measure neurochemicals in extracellular fluid of freely moving animals

implanted macroelectrodes: electrical stimulation produces effects similar to neurotransmitter injection

microelectrodes: can be implanted into a single cell or into the extracellular fluid near a single cell

patch clamp electrophysiology: study of individual ion channels

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20
Q

soup method

A

isolates and grinds tissue samples to form a homogenate

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21
Q

slice method

A

use intact piece or slice or tissue for visualization

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22
Q

radioligand binding

A

amount of bound ligand reflects the number of receptors in the tissue

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23
Q

what is the criteria to determine if ligand is binding to a specific receptor?

A

specificity, saturability, reversibility, high affinity, biological relevance

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24
Q

autoradiography

A

radioligand is added to a tissue slice and shows distribution of receptors in the brain

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25
Q

in vivo receptor binding

A

animal is injected with radioligand while alive

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26
Q

Immunocytochemistry

A

specific cell localization

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27
Q

western blot

A

whole tissue

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28
Q

radioimmunoassay

A

brain region localization

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29
Q

enzyme linked immunosorbent assay

A

whole tissue

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30
Q

in situ hybridization

A

locates cells expressing a specific mRNA

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31
Q

DNA microarrays

A

measure expression of thousands of genes at the same time

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32
Q

Genome wide association studies

A

uses gene chips consisting of large sets of single nucleotide polymorphisms to search for alleles associated with a disease or disorder

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33
Q

knockout mice

A

lack gene for making a particular protein

34
Q

knockin mice

A

inserted gene is modified to produce a slightly different protein

35
Q

transgenic mice

A

one gene has been substituted for another

36
Q

CRISPR

A

a faster way to genetically engineer mice

37
Q

Optogenetics

A

uses light and microbial opsins to exert precise control over genetically specified cells

38
Q

chemogenetics (DREADD)

A

a genetically engineered receptor is inserted into specific brain cells, then activated or suppressed by a ligand that was created to specifically bind to the inserted receptor and nothing else

39
Q

what are the 10 classes of drugs in the DSM 5

A

alcohol, caffeine, cannabis, hallucinogens, inhalants, opiods, sedative hypnotic and anxiolytic drugs, stimulants, tobacco

40
Q

substance use disorders

A

cognitive, behavioral, and physiological symptoms indicating that the individual continues using the substance despite significant substance related problems

41
Q

substance induced disorders

A

reversible substance specific syndrome due to recent ingestion of a substance

42
Q

oral or transdermal drug administration

A

relatively slow absorption, slow availability to the brain

43
Q

IV or inhalation drug administration

A

rapid drug entry into the brain and a fast onset of drug action, shorter duration of action

44
Q

positive reinforcers

A

consuming the drug strengthens whatever preceding behavior was performed by organisms

45
Q

drug reward

A

the high

46
Q

how is drug reinforcement studied

A

self administration tests

47
Q

progressive ratio procedure

A

animals are trained continuous reinforcement schedule, then switched to a low FR schedule, increasing until the animal stops responding

48
Q

progression of drug use

A

recreational use -> escalation -> compulsive/problematic use -> withdrawl -> relapse

49
Q

heritability of substance use disorders

A

40-60 percent

50
Q

comorbidity

A

diagnosis of anxiety, mood, or personality disorder in addition to substance use disorder

51
Q

self medication hypothesis

A

individuals suffering from elevated anxiety should prefer sedative drugs, depressed individuals should want stimulant drugs

52
Q

shared etiology

A

certain factors contribute to elevated risk of addiction and other psychiatric disorders

53
Q

reward circuit

A

area of brain that mediates the acute rewarding and reinforcing effects of most recreational drugs

54
Q

catecholamines

A

dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine

55
Q

rate limiting enzyme

A

tyrosine hydroxylase

56
Q

how can catecholamine synthesis be increased

A

administering tyrosine or L-DOPA

57
Q

What is the multistep pathway of catecholamine synthesis?

A

Tyrosine hydroxylase -> L DOPA -> AADC -> dopamine -> DBH -> norepinephrine

58
Q

What loads catecholamines into synaptic vesicles?

A

VMAT

59
Q

What blocks VMAT?

A

reserpine (irreversible) causing a drop in dopamine and norepineprhine, sedation and depression

60
Q

dopamine release is inhibited by?

A

autoreceptors

61
Q

single spiking mode

A

action potentials appear at irregular intervals (tonic release)

62
Q

burst mode

A

a TON of action potentials all at once

63
Q

catecholamine reuptake

A

dopamine and norepinephrine transporters return the transmitters to the releasing cell to be broken down or repackaged

64
Q

how are catecholamine levels regulated

A

metabolizing enzyme

65
Q

mesolimbic dopamine pathway

A

VTA to limbic system (A10)

66
Q

mesocortical dopamine pathway

A

VTA to cerebral cortex (A10)

67
Q

nigrostriatal tract

A

axons ascend to the dorsal striatum in the forebrain (A9)

68
Q

5 main subtypes of dopamine receptors

A

D1 (D1 and D5) and D2 (D2, D3, D4)

69
Q

What do D1 receptors do?

A

stimulate adenylyl cyclase

70
Q

What do D2 receptors do?

A

inhibit adenylyl cyclase

71
Q

b1 and b2 receptors

A

stimulate adenylyl cyclase

72
Q

a2 receptors

A

inhibit adenylyl cyclase, inhibits norepinephrine release or cell firing

73
Q

a1 receptors

A

activates phosphoinositide

74
Q

what do sedation and stress have to do with a2 and a1

A

there is a fine balance between a2 (sedation) and a1 (stress). optimal working memory performance is right in the middle

75
Q

what are the different forms of cocaine and how are they administered?

A

coca leaves - chewed with lime or ash
cocaine paste- smoked with tobacco
cocaine salt- snorted or injected
cocaine free base- add water and mix with base (smoke)
crack- smoke

76
Q

what are most of cocaine’s actions due to

A

its ability to block reuptake of dopamine, norepinephrine, and 5HT by inhibiting their membrane transporters

77
Q

what plays the most important role in mediating behavioral responses to psychostimulant drugs?

A

Dopamine

78
Q

what are d1 receptors required for

A

locomotor stimulating effects

79
Q

Do D1 or D2 knockout mice self administer cocaine

A

D2 (and D3)

80
Q

what is the main mode of action of cocaine?

A

blocks reuptake of DA

81
Q

where is dopamine produced?

A

substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area, hypothalamus

82
Q

where is norepinephrine produced?

A

locus coeruleus

Neuro of DA (3 decks)

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