EXAM 2

Question 1

Scales of Measurement:
1) Nominal
2) Ordinal
3) Interval
4) Ratio

Answer 1

1) Nominal: No numerical or quantitative properties (left handed vs right handed)
2) Ordinal: Ranked (Low Medium High)
3) Interval (Difference between numbers on a scale are meaningful, temperatures, the spaces matter)
4) Ratio (“Twice as much” matters, unlike temeratures 60 deg is not really twice as hot as 30)

Question 2

Research Ethics:
1) Critical incidents to develop ethics guidelines
2) Tuskagee and Willowbrook cases
3) Risk assesment, use of deception, IRB, informed consent, debriefing

Answer 2

1) Critical incidents to develop ethics guidelines: Belmont Report, Respect for Persons, Beneficence, and Justice
2) Tuskagee and Willowbrook cases: Tuskegee Syphilis Study
Willowbrook Hepatitis study
3) Risk assesment: Are the risks associated with the study worth the results later on?; use of deception: Lying to the participants in order to not reveal the actual purpose of the study; IRB: Institutional review board; informed consent: participants have to agree to participate in the study; debriefing: letting the participants know what was going in with the study, what was studied, and future references if needed

Question 3

Population vs Sample

Answer 3

Population: All individuals of interest to the researcher
Sample: A selected group from that population(smaller)

Question 4

Selection Bias

Answer 4

Selection differences or the sample not being chosen randomly (random assignment)

Question 5

Probability Sampling methods
1) Simple random
2) Systemic Random
3) Stratified random
4) Cluster Sampling

Answer 5

1) Simple random: Assigned a number then chosen at random
2) Systemic Random: every nth number
3) Stratified random: Population is divided into different groups, then randomly sampled from each new group
4) Cluster Sampling: Probability sample “clusters” of individuals

Question 6

Non Probability Sampling
1) Convenience
2) Quota
3) Snowball

Answer 6

1) Convenience: Haphazard sampling, obtaining participants in the easiest way possible
2) Quota: Sample from a numerical composition of various subgroups
3) Snowball: Asking participants to recruit more participants

Question 7

Random selection vs random assignment

Answer 7

Random selection: Random sampling from a population for a study
Random assignment: Already in the study, randomly applied the conditions/IV

Question 8

Pilot Study

Answer 8

Trial run, usually a small sample, to see how an experiment is going to go

Question 9

Manipulation Checks

Answer 9

Whether the IV has the desired effect on the participant, usually in pilot studies

Question 10

Ceiling and Floor effects

Answer 10

Ceiling effect: IV is too easy to do, so there is no desired effect
Floor: Opposite of ceiling, IV is too hard, so effect cannot be measured

Question 11

Order effects

Answer 11

Order in which the IV are presented, especially in a repeated measures study

Question 12

Counterbalancing vs Partial counterbalancing and limitations

Answer 12

Counterbalancing: All possible orders of presentation are included in the experiment

Question 13

Main effects and interactions

Answer 13

Effects of the IV on the DV, interactions between two or more IVs

Question 14

Identifying variables and their levels (IV, SV, DV)

Answer 14

IV
SV
DV

Question 15

Describe factorial designs (2 x 2), # of conditions, between vs within subjects designs

Answer 15

Factorial Designs: Multiple IVs with different levels: 2 IVs with 3 levels would be 3x3, 3 IVs with 2 levels each would be 2x2x2
# of conditions: multiply all the IVs and their levels
Between design: Subject groups are compared with each other
Within design: Group comparisons are made within the same group

Question 16

Ways to measure the DV
1) Self Report
2) Physiological
3) Behavioral

Answer 16

1) Self Report: Participants say what they are feeling
2) Physiological: Measured through medical instruments
3) Behavioral: Observe the participants behavior

Question 17

Operational Definitions of IV and DV

Question 18

Experimental Control, Single vs Double Blind Procedures

Answer 18

Experimental Control
Single Blind Procedure: The participant does not know the condition of the study being given
Double Blind Procedures: Both the researcher and the participant don’t know what condition is being given

Question 19

Confounds

Answer 19

A funny little secret third variable that fucks up the study

Question 20

Descriptive Statistics

Answer 20

You can calculate descriptive statistics in a study, making precise statements of said data

Question 21

Frequency distributions

Answer 21

Number of individuals who receive each possible score on a variable (college exam scores)

Question 22

Frequency distributions graphs

Answer 22

Visual representation of the data from a frequency distribution

Question 23

Characteristics of a normal distribution

Answer 23

Bell curve (Most data points in the middle, then tapers off near either end)

Question 24

Kurtosis
1) Mesokurtic
2) Leptokurtic
3) Platykurtic

Answer 24

Kurtosis: measure of the tailedness of a distribution
1)Leptokurtic ( + and tall)
2)Mesokurtic (0/normal)
3)Platykurtic (- and short)

Question 25

Types of non-normal distributions
1) Skewed (+ or -)
2) Bi
3) Polymodal

Answer 25

1) Skewed (+ or -)
Tail being left is negative
Tail being right is positive
2) Bi: Two peaks in the graph
3) Polymodal: Multiple peaks in the graph

Question 26

Correlations
1) Positive
2) Negative
3) Curvilinear
4) None

Answer 26

1) as x goes up so does y
2) as x goes up y goes down
3) Parabola shape
4) there is no correlation

Question 27

Describing correlation coefficients (strength and direction of the relationship)

Answer 27

Small r ≤ .3;
Medium r = .3 to .6;
Large r ≥ or equal to .6

Question 28

Scatterplots

Answer 28

Points plotted on a plot to determine the correlation of said points

Question 29

Restriction of range

Answer 29

Only using a section of a scatterplot, thus changing the correlation coefficient with less data points