Exam 2 Flashcards
How much water do you need of every kg of dry
2.5 kg
How can you calculate the crude protein
6.25*nitrogen
How much is fecal water loss
7-10% in humans
13-24% in sheep
30-32% in cows
How much water can human body lose before death
10%
The number of H in the stomach is ___ of that in blood
10^6x more
There are ____ amino acids and they are made of ___ nitrogen
20, 16%
How much is insensible water loss in humans/sheep
30-35/40-45
Water makes up ___ percent of body
50-67
What is the percetage of water gotten from carbs lipid protiens
56/107/40
Many tissues are __ percent water depending of content of ___
70-90, fat
How can we calculate percent water
73.2-0.732(percent fat0
How do you calculate fat percentage?
100-1water/.732
the true glandular stomach in the ruminant
abomasum
the true stomach
abromasum
Why would you need more water?
Activity, ruination, milk, pregnancy
digestion is accomplished in large part by enzymes produced by microbes inhabiting the gut
alloenzymatic digestion
Who was the founde rof the science of nutirtion?
Antoine Lavoisier
The act of feeding animals to meet their metabolic and productive needs
applied nutrition
digestion resulting from enzymes produced by the animal
autoenzymatic digestion
Roughphage feeders have ___ rumen than coselectors
Bigger
Roughphage feeders have ___ rumen pillars than coselectors
bigger
A substance produced by the liver that breaks up fat particles.
bile
Surface of a cell covered with microvilli. increases surface area of a cell for absorption
brush border
An animal that eats relatively large pieces of food, high fiber diet cows, rapid intake, highly developed omasum and many leaves/ papillae
Bulk feeder
In pigs acid is nlot a factor in stomach ulcers, instead it is from ____ and can be solved by ____
carbohydrate fermentation, more fiboruous diet
Carbohydrates are made of
carbon, oxygen, hydrogen
region of the stomach attached to the esophagus
cardiac region
What is the type of animal that doesnt need carbohydrates?
cats (felinovara)
animals with rumina, regurgitate food that has been partially digested in the rumen, chew it again, and reswallow it
chewing cud
What were the animals used to discover many nutition things
chickens
Break down the cell wall to consume cell contents, leave fruit, not as mch bacteria, small rumen + reticulum,and omasum, bigger salivary gland
concentrate selectors
When is the time that fecal water loss is greater than urinary?
cow
A large diverticulum “blind pouch of esphogous” used for food storage
crop
What is the human version of nutrition?
Dietics
What are the four main categories of nutriotn
Domestic Animals, Wild birds and mamals, lab animals, humans
What causes stomach ulcers in horses and what can help
eating many small meals, higher fiber diet that increases saliva and hay
specialized absorptive cells in the villi of the small intestine
enterocytes
Fetal ___ are replaced by mature ones shortly after birth
enterocytes
nonglandular area surrounding the cardia
esophageal region
What are the four regions of the autoenzeymatic system?
esphoigal, cardiac, fuedulus gland, pyloric
nutrients necessary for normal body functioning that must be obtained from food
essential nutrients
Where can you get lipids from?
Fats and oil, fatty acids, fat soluble vitamin, photosyhtetic plants, plant waxes
What are the two types of vitamins
fat soluble, water soluble
What are the type of herbivores
foliovores, frugivores, granivores
Cold water increases
food intake
What are the three main differens between basic metabolic processes
Food selection, digestive track physiology, location of microbial digestion
small non ruminants can
forage better
Multi-chambered stomach (where bacteria digest food) is found before the small intestine (where nutrients are absorbed). Efficient system, macropods, camelids, ruminattes
foregut fermentation
Why is stomach motility good?
For the mixing of gastric secretions, moving too small intestin
The upper left portion of the stomach, which has a curved, dome-shaped appearance.
fundus of stomach
An organ that usually mechanically breaks down food
gizzard
On top of the microvilli
Glycocalyx
unicellular gland found in columnar epithelium that secretes mucous
goblet cell
Occurs when ruminants inadvertently consume metal, which migrates through their bodies, causing infection, goes into heart, causes anorexia arched back fever and pain
hardware disease
Smaller animals tend to
have higher energy requirment per unit body mass, need higher quality diety, concentrate selectors,
Very large mamals tend to
have higher erngy need but quanity matters more, (non ruminats less limited in diet)
What are situations that metabolic water would be only one aviable to animal
hibernate
modified regions of the colon and caecum for bacterial digestion., rabbits horses
hindgut fermenters
The pyloric regions contain ____ which help move the release of gastric secretion
hormones
Eating more fibours food ___ water fecal loss
increase
what is the third step of severe dehydration
increase and pulse and respirtory rate tempature and blood conenctraiotn
the loss of water not noticeable by a person, such as through evaporation from the skin and exhalation from the lungs during breathing
insensible water loss
a method of determining organic nitrogen content by back titration
Kjeldahl method
Newborn mamamals abosrb __ to get ___
large intact protiens, materal antibodies (colostrum)
The main site of water absorption
large intestine
Roughphage feeders have ___ papilla than coselectors
less
Birds consume ____ than mamamls
less water
Energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
Lipids
What is final step of dehydartion
Lose ability to stand, death
What are the two types of minerals?
macro/micro
The small intestinve is the
main site of digestion and absorption
Roughphage feeders have ___ omasum leavesthan coselectors
more
Young animals need ____ water then adults
more
Roughphage feeders have ___ cell bacterolyte than coselectors
more
What are the four things that can affect water requirment
nitrogenous waste, protien intake, ruminaints, feeds
The autoenzymatic digestive system ____ intenstinal
not
Very large animals and very small tend to
not be ruminats
Compounds in food that the body requires for proper growth, maintenance, and functioning, reporduction, lctation
nutrient
___ goes to the ciruclatory system, ____ foes to the lympatheic system
nutrients, lipid
The process by which your body takes in and uses food
Nutrition
the minimum amount of water required to dissolve urine wastes
obligatory water loss
the muscular third stomach of a ruminant animal, between the reticulum and the abomasum.
Omasum
the muscular third stomach of a ruminant animal, between the reticulum and the abomasum, you retain material in the rumen until it has broken down
omasum
What is metabolic water>?
oxidation-reduction reaction
What are the three ways that animals cna prevent water loss
panting, shade seeking, bathe in mud/wate
The surface area of intensteives is increased by
papillae
a soluble gelatinous polysaccharide that is present in ripe fruits and is extracted for use as a setting agent in jams and jellies, can causes increase in intesntinale gell and diareha
pectin
Young mamamals have no ___ but instead have ____ and their ph is ___ to allow colonization of bacteria
pepsin, chymosin, high
Involuntary waves of muscle contraction that keep food moving along in one direction through the digestive system.
Peristalsis
What two animals commonly get stomach ulcers?
pig and horse
Digestion helps
prep nutrients for absorbtion, except for vitamin and mineral
glandular stomach
proventriculus
What are the two stomachs of birds?
proventriculus and gizzard
part of the stomach closest to the small intestine
pyloric region
What are teh functions of water?
Regulate water temperature, transport, excretion of waste, role in chemical reaction
What structure has honeycomb?
reticulum
stomach chamber in cows and related animals in which symbiotic bacteria digest cellulose, full of anaerobic bateric and protizoa that secrete enzyemes
Rumen
Make VFAs; break plant polysaccharides into simple sugars (Cellulose–>glucose); microbes use glucose as energy source to grow (VFA=end product; source of energy for ruminant as well)
rumen bacteria
In young mamamls you skip the ____ and go directly to the ___ when getting milk
rumen, omasum
___ and ___ in ruminants need lots of water and ___ needs ome
Rumen, omasum, abromasum
thick muscle layers in the rumen
rumen pillars
contain cellulose digesting microbes. honey comb, trap foriegn material
rumen reticulum
A fat that is solid at room temperature and found in animal fats, lards, and dairy products., no db
saturated fats
What animals benifit most from a crop
seed eaters
the act of dividing or partitioning of the intestines to mix food with enzyemes
Segmentation (stomach)
grass or other green fodder compacted and stored in airtight conditions, typically in a silo, without first being dried, and used as animal feed in the winter.
silage
Roughage feeders have ___ fermentation than coselectors
slower
Roughage feeders have ___ salviary glands than coselectors
smaller
What are the two classifications of carbs?
Starces, sugars, easy to digest/ cellouse hard to digest
A fat that is liquid at room temperature and found in vegetable oils, nuts, and seeds.
unsaturated fats
What are the four main ways we lose water?
Urination, feces, insensible water, sweat
When animals like kangaroo rats or marine animals have no aces to dirnking water they
use water from food
what allows the baby to get food directly, bypasses reticulum and rumen
Ventricular Groove
Fingerlike extensions of the intestinal mucosa that increase the surface area for absorption
villi
What is the first step of resitring water
water less and reduce productivyt
What are the 6 classes of essential nutrients
water, protien, carbs, fats, vitamins, minerals
what is the second step of rrestricitng water
weight loss and severe dehydration
