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Animal Behavior > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

White-crowned Sparrow Example

A

Shows nature-nurture interactions and innate predispositions

Regional dialects: environmental (learned) behavior—The song one hears is the song one sings

Chicks raised in isolation show similar genetic tendencies (no rapid changes in frequency) but must be exposed to external sound to make a successful mating song

Four different sparrows are raised in environment with songs of different species: All of them learned songs closest to the one of their own species—innate predisposition

When their own species song was not available, they learned from the tutor songs but constructed songs by combining them

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2
Q

Innate predisposition

A

Genetic disposition for a certain behavior

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3
Q

Sensory Period

A

Learning period for songbirds

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4
Q

Sensorimotor Period

A

Starts vocalizing, practices to improve. Listening to their own vocalized song is essential to achieving replication of the earlier song (sensori + motor).

If the researcher cuts the auditory nerve then song crystallization never happens

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5
Q

Open-ended Learning

A

Individuals can acquire new song elements throughout life

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6
Q

Closed-ended Learning

A

Must listen to a tutor song during a specific period. Once crystallization has occurred further learning is no longer possible

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7
Q

Why is songbird behavior studied so often?

A

The pathways and interactions in the brain are well-known

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8
Q

Lyre Bird Example

A

Open-ended learning. Mimics sounds or birds and man-made objects. Can mimic camera shutter sounds, chainsaws, car alarms

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9
Q

Great Tit Personality Example

A

They have genetically heritable ‘adventurous’ personality trait. It can be seen on a parent-offspring regression chart, where the slope is the degree of inheritance.

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10
Q

Yellow Fruit Fly Example

A

Shows an example of pleiotropy.

Yellow flies are rare in nature but common in laboratories. They measured yellow mutants behavior and reproductive success: Wild type males have a higher mating success rate than yellow mutants.

Pleiotropy: single gene affects 2+ traits
The gene that affects color also affects mating behavior.

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11
Q

Ant Basic Characteristics

A

There are diverse caste structures among the different species. All ants are eusocial.

One or several queens per colony.
10^2 to 10^7 worker individuals per colony.
Drones are fertile males, much fewer in number than workers.
Soldiers and workers are females, but do not produce eggs.

Higher group selection—mutant genes in individuals do not get passed along when individuals do not reproduce.

Army ants: do not have a nest, workers cooperate to attack prey much larger than themselves

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12
Q

Fire Ant Example

A

Monogyne and polygyne types (1 queen or multiple queens)

Scent is what differentiates colonies, they use scent as a cue to know what individuals are enemies

Gp-9^BB is the monogyne gene

Gp-9^Bb is the polygyne gene

Gp-9^bb ants aren’t viable

Polygyne colonies can’t smell a difference between other colonies very well:
- Colonies sometimes merge
- Reduced aggression between colonies
- More advantageous in locations where there is enough space to expand

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13
Q

Major vs. Minor Genes

A

Major: individual gene is responsible for large amount of phenotypic variation

Minor: individual gene contributes a small amount of variation (additive)

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14
Q

Mice Risky Behavior Example

A

The experiment shows how genes influence behavior.

Arginine vasopressin (AVP) is a peptide hormone that affects stress behavior
AVPR1A receptor gene in mice
Conducted stress tests on wild-type and V1aR gene knockout mice
Elevated maze test, open field test, light/dark box
The knockout mice were more willing to go into riskier areas

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15
Q

What determines phenotype?

A

Genetics, environment, and gene-environment interactions

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16
Q

What determines gene expression?

A

Environment, time, type of tissue/cell/etc

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17
Q

Fish Aggression Example

A

Experiment shows phenotypic variation caused by environment.

Some are raised in oxygen rich environment, some are raised in oxygen poor environment.
They are more aggressive when in the environment they grew up in (because they will expend more energy in a familiar environment)

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18
Q

Fruit Fly Aggression Example

A

This example shows that gene expression is influenced by environmental factors.

Treatments: court a female, interact with a rival male, no interaction (control)
Analyzed mRNA to see which genes were expressed during each treatment
16 genes associated only with male-female courtship behavior
Hundreds of genes associated with male-male interactions

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19
Q

Reaction Norm

A

Function showing the relation between environment and phenotype; range of behaviors expressed by a single genotype over a range of environments. If the reaction norms of two genotypes cross, then there is GxE interaction

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20
Q

Rover and Sitter Fruit Flies Example

A

Rovers go out for food, sitters wait for food to come close by

Typically, rovers will travel farther in order to find other food. However, when food is scarce, rovers behave like sitters and will not leave a food patch to find a new food patch.

This shows GxE interactions; the two genotypes have different reaction norms.

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21
Q

Fields of study

A

Genomics (genes), transcriptomics (mRNA), proteomics (proteins), metabolomics (substrates, intermediates, and products of cell metabolism)

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22
Q

Sensory Systems

A

Visual, mechanosensory (movement: auditory, vestibular, lateral line), somatosensory (pain, touch, itch, thermal), chemosensory (olfactory, gustatory (detection of dissolved chemicals often within the mouth)), electrosensory, magnetosensory

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23
Q

Chemosensory senses

A

Gustatory are the 5 taste elements. Olfactory (smell) is much more complex

24
Q

Mice Gustatory Example

A

T1R1, T1R2 and T1R3 receptor knockouts. Knockouts 1 & 3 had no response to tasting amino acids (umami) and knockouts 2 & 3 had no response to tasting sugars.

25
Q

Cuttlefish Olfactory Example

A

Sneaker males (pretend to be females)
They aggregate based on odor and can smell new eggs

26
Q

Butterfly Sexual Dimorphism Example

A

Males and females appear different under UV light

27
Q

UV Sexual Selection in Birds Example

A

Females prefer males with light heads/more reflectance

Tested this by applying sunscreen to male birds’ heads

28
Q

Animals with tetrachromacy

A

Most reptiles, birds, amphibians, fish, insects

29
Q

Animals with trichromacy

A

Most primates, honeybees

30
Q

Animals with dichromacy

A

Most mammals, colorblind humans

31
Q

Animals with monochromacy

A

Seals, dolphins, whales, night monkeys

32
Q

Pit Organ Example

A

A hole on the face to detect infrared light

Cavity filled with air, like the retina there is a very thin membrane at the back, it is lined with heat sensors

It acts like a pinhole camera

Infrared light = longer wavelengths

When placed in a room with warm and cool balloon, they attack the warm balloon

33
Q

Elephant Communication Example

A

Communication using infrasound. Infrasound diminishes slowly so it can travel farther through the environment. Can detect it through the ground

34
Q

Ultrasonic sound

A

Small animals can hear and sometimes communicate in ultrasound

35
Q

Lateral Line System

A

Detects water movement
Sensors are embedded in the skin, hairs detect motion

36
Q

Antlion Example

A

Shows how researchers can learn if an animal can detect prey using vibrations.

They build sand cones, the ants go in and antlion larvae attach with their pincers. They can capture the ants by throwing sand in the direction of the vibration so as to create an avalanche

37
Q

Barn Owl Example

A

Key stimulus: noise, fixed action pattern: head turning

Model mouse is pulled with a string, creating a very quiet scratching noise. The barn owl orients its head towards the noise source, then flies towards the target.

Can detect differences of 10 microseconds

The two neurons receive the signal, and transmit it along the huge axon to both sides of the brain. The neural axons enter the side of the brain that is on the same side from the top, and enter the opposite side from the bottom. This causes the axons to overlap and translate interaural time differences.

Coincidence: the signals arrive at the same time to the neuron

38
Q

Two purposes of the senses

A

Identification and localization

Vision has a great advantage with localization because it is intrinsic to how the retina works

When you listen with one ear, you are unable to localize the sound

39
Q

Which animals have electroreceptors?

A

Many fish, amphibians, insects, and a few mammals

40
Q

Electric Fish Example

A

They produce weak electricity for navigation and communication
Can sing songs using electricity

During spawning they make a specific pulse; the females carry the eggs in their mouths and then put them into the spawning hole once the male communicates via chirping

41
Q

Ampullae of lorenzini

A

Organ in sharks and rays for electric detection

42
Q

Bumblebee Electrical Receptor Example

A

Flowers have a static charge that bees can sense using their hairs

43
Q

Magnetic Termite Example

A

Heat is an enormous problem for large termite mounds

They always build the broadest part of the mound in the direction of least sun radiation (east-west)

44
Q

Bat and Mantis Example

A

Example of sensory coevolution

Bats use ultrasonic calls, frequency of the call increases as it gets closer to its prey

Tympanal membrane: Single eardrum in insects, detects bat calls
Mantises are able to escape attacks
Deaf mantises have a lower escape rate

45
Q

Honeybee Communication

A

Bees have an internal clock that doesn’t require stimulus: 1 hour time difference = 15 degree movement of the sun’s position

Waggle Dance

Waggle duration
Long duration: distant
Short duration: near
Circular dance: very close

Amplitude of waggling: quality of food source

Compound eyes: sensitivity to polarized light

Their head acts as a gravitation sensor: Head tilt angle is sensed by sensory hairs around the neck

Bee ancestral species made horizontal hives, dance is directly pointing at the food source

46
Q

Vervet Monkey Example

A

Example of auditory alarm calls

Different alarm signals depending on the predator: Land, aerial, and snake
This is because different responses are needed based on the predator—go into the tree if there is a land predator, hide in the bushes if there is an aerial predator, stand on hind legs to intimidate snakes

47
Q

What are the two pieces of information that an alarm call may contain?

A

Information or Influence

Information: there is a leopard, there is a snake
Influence: Climb a tree, look down

We don’t know if the call contains information or influence

48
Q

Titmouse Communication Example

A

Call seems to contain information
Number of D-note signals conveys the risk of the predator
Small high-risk predators vs. Large low-risk predators

They gather together and make lots of loud noise (mobbing behavior) during high-risk attacks too

49
Q

Ant Pheromone Communication Example

A

Shows that the environment influences signaling

Doesn’t work well in hot environments because the pheromone evaporates

Red stick is without pheromone
When the original stick is heat-treated, the ants do not prefer one over the other

May explain why social foraging ants do not forage at high temperatures

50
Q

Fish Visual Signal Example

A

Shows that the environment influences signaling

Male fish morphs are either blue or yellow

Blue males contrasted most with
background in the beach habitat
Yellow males contrasted most in the root
habitat

Higher mating success in environment with more contrast

51
Q

Accurate Signaling

A

Advantageous to both signalers and receivers, similar fitness interests

As opposed to inaccurate, where the receiver is at a disadvantage

52
Q

Conditions that favor accurate signaling:

A

Fitness interests of signaler and receiver are similar

Signals cannot be faked

Signals will be accurate indicators when they are costly to produce or maintain

53
Q

3 Accurate Signaling Examples

A

Horned beetle: Only males have horns, shows his strength
Pheasant: wattle coloration for mate attraction
Stalk-eyed fly: grows stalk to make eyes are far apart as possible, courting signal

54
Q

Aposematic Coloration

A

Warning coloration signaling associated with chemicals or toxins. Bright coloring is costly.

55
Q

Betta Fish Signaling Example

A

Example of accurate signaling

Can open and fold their gill cover to make themselves appear larger during fights

When oxygen is not available, the betta fish doesn’t open his gill cover because it is too costly

Animal Behavior (5 decks)

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