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BIOL 111 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Phospholipids

A

2 fatty acid chains (hydrophobic tails)
Glycerol
Phosphate
Amphiphilic

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2
Q

Phospholipid Bilayer arranges its self….

A

with polar heads facing outwards and hydrophobic tails facing inward.

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3
Q

Integral Proteins

A

Proteins integrated completely into the bilayer

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4
Q

Peripheral proteins

A

Occur only on the surfaces of the bilayer

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5
Q

The structure of integral proteins

A

1 or more hydrophobic regions and other regions that are hydrophilic

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6
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Located on the exterior surface of the plasma membrane (PM) bound to either proteins (forming glycoproteins) or to lipids (glycolipids) and function in cell-cell recognition

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7
Q

How does phospholipid type influence membrane fluidity

A

Saturated fatty acids (FA) pack together more tightly than unsaturated fatty acids due to their lack of a double bond (unsaturated FA have a kink in them b/c of their double bond) (rigged)

Fluidity is greater with more unsaturated FA

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8
Q

How does temperature influence membrane fluidity

A

Cold temperatures compress molecules making membranes more rigid

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9
Q

How does cholesterol affect membrane fluidity

A

Cholesterol acts a fluidity buffer that keeps the membrane fluid when it is cold but not too fluid when it is hot.
(founds within the phospholipid bilayer)

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10
Q

Selective permeable

A

Membrane allows some molecules to pass but not others. Usually small nonpolar molecules (O2, CO2) can go right through.

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11
Q

Passive transport

A

Requires no energy

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12
Q

Diffusion

A

Passive transport; occurs when substance moves from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration (down its concentration gradient)

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13
Q

Facilitated Passive Transport

A

Facilitated diffusion moves substances down their concentration gradients through integral membrane proteins; There are two types: Channel and Carrier proteins

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14
Q

Channel Proteins

A

Top, bottom and inner core are hydrophilic which attracts ions and/or polar molecules. Some are open all the time while others are gated (open when signaled)

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15
Q

Aquaporins

A

Channel protein specific to H2O

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16
Q

Carrier Proteins

A

Single substance specific; bind to a substance, change their shape and “carry” it to the other side. Many allow movement in either direction

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17
Q

Osmosis

A

The diffusion of water across a membrane. Water always moves from an area of high water concentration to one of lower concentration. (more solute on one side, water will move that way.)

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18
Q

Tonicity

A

How an extracellular solution can change the volume of a cell by affecting osmosis.

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19
Q

Osmolarity

A

total solute concentration of a solution

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20
Q

Hypotonic

A

extracellular fluid has a lower osmolarity than the cytoplasm (water enters cell) (lysed when cell expoldes)

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21
Q

Isotonic

A

fluid outside has the same osmolarity as water inside (no net water movement)

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22
Q

Hypertonic

A

extracellular fluid has higher osmolarity than the cytoplasm (water exist the cell)

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23
Q

Electrochemical Gradient

A

Combined effect of concentration gradients and electrical gradients

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24
Q

Electrical Gradeints

A

The cytoplasm contains more negatively charged molecules (neg ions and proteins) than the extracellular fluid

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25
Active transport
used anytime an ion or molecule is transported through a membrane protein either against its concentration or electrochemical gradient. THIS CONSUMES ENERGY
26
Primary Active transport
movement of an ion or molecule against its concertation gradient using ATP hydrolysis
27
Secondary Active Transport
electrochemical gradients provide the energy to move a different substance against its concertation gradient
28
Uniporter
carries 1molecular ion
29
Symporter
Carries 2 different molecules or ions in the same direction
30
antiporter
carries 2 different molecules or ions in opposite directions
31
Na+ - k+ pump
moves 3 Na+ out of the cell (from inside) and 2 K+ into the cell (from outside)
32
electrogenic pumps
Pumps which are involved in the establishment and maintenance of membrane voltages. ex: Sodium-potassium Cycle
33
Bulk Transport mechanisms
Large particles or large quantities of small particles are moved across the membrane after being enclosed by a substance that can bud from or fuse with the membrane to move a substance across. REQUIRES ENERGY
34
Endocytosis
endo=internal, cytosis=transport; moves particles into the cell by enclosing the in a vesicle made out of plasma membrane. include phagocytosis, pinocytosis and receptor mediated endocytosis
35
Phagocytosis
"cell eating"; the cell membrane surrounds the particle by folding inward and engulfs it.
36
pinocytosis
"cellular drinking", cell membrane folds inwards, taking in small amounts of extracellular fluids.
37
Receptor mediated endocytosis
receptors on the cell surface are used to capture a specific target molecule are brought into the cell.
38
Exocytosis
materials are transported from the inside to the outside of the cell in membrane bound vesicles that fuse with the membrane.
39
Metabolism
all the chemical reactions of a cell or organism
40
metabolic pathway
series of biochemical reaction pathways that turn substrates into a final product ex) photosynthesis
41
Anabolic
small molecules are assembled into larger ones and energy is required (endergonic)
42
Catabolic
large molecules are broken down into small ones. Energy is released. (exergonic)
43
Chemical energy
energy stored in chemical bonds (potential) and then released (kinetic)
44
Gibb's free energy
amount of energy available to do work. delta G = delta H - T (in kelvin) * delta S
45
Exergonic Rxn
-Energy is released in a chemical reaction. -Delta G < 0 -Reactants is higher than -The products on the graph Reaction is spontaneous
46
Endergonic
-Chemical reaction requires an input of energy -delta G > 0 -products will have more free energy than substrates -reaction is not spontaneous -products are higher than reactants
47
Activation energy
energy required for a reaction to proceed. Causes reactants to become unstable (transition state)
48
First Law of Thermofynamics
Total amount of energy in the universe is constant. energy cannot be created nor destoryed
49
Second law of thermodynamics
The transfer of energy is not completely efficient. In chemical reactions some energy is lost and unusable. -> increased entropy
50
Adenosine Triphosphate
Adenosine backbone with 3 phosphate grounds attached. The bonds between these phosphate groups are high energy
51
ATP Hydrolysis
ATP + H2O -> ADP + Pi + Free energy
52
Enzyme-Substrate specificity
3D shape of the enzyme and substrate determine which substrate interacts at an enzymes active site.
53
Enzyme regulation
-modifications to temperature or pH -production of molecules that inhibit or promote enzyme function. -Availability of coenzymes or cofactors.
54
Competitive inhibitors
have similar shape to substrate and compete with substrate for active site
55
Noncompetitive inhibitors
Bind to the enzyme at different location and slow reaction rate
56
Competitive inhibition
slows reaction rates but does not affect the maximal rate
57
Non competitive inhibition
slows rates and reduces the maximal rate
58
Maximal Rate
speed of a reaction when substrate is not limited
59
Allosteric inhibitors
modify active side = substrate binding is reduce or prevented
60
Allosteric activators
modify the active site = affinity for substrate increases.
61
Feedback inhibition
end product of pathway inhibits an upstream event
62
Redox Reactions
Chemical reactions where electrons are transferred from one molecule to another
63
Reducing Agents
molecules that donates electrons
64
Oxidizing agents
molecules that accept electrons
65
Electron carriers
Compounds that shuttle high energy electrons
66
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide
(NAD) occurs in an oxidized state (NAD+) and reduced state (NADH)
67
phosphorylation
addition of a phosphate group to a molecule
68
dephosphorylation
loss of a phosphate group
69
Overview of Cellular Resperation
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 -> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ~36 ATP Pathways involved: Glycolysis, oxidation of pyruvate and citric acid, oxidative phosphorylation
70
Reactants of glycolysis
1 glucose + 2 NAD+ + 2 ATP + 4 ADP
70
Glycolysis
Occurs in the cytoplasm and is anerobic (no oxygen needed)
71
Products of glycolysis
2 pyruvate + 2 NADH + 4 ATP + 2 ADP
72
Oxidation of Pyruvate (OP)
The process in which the pyruvate is converted into Acetyl CoA. 1 CO2 is released per pyruvate. Pyruvate is oxidized so NAD becomes NADH and CoA is attached.
73
Ox. Pyruvate Inputs
2 Pyruvate, 2 NAD, 2 Coenzyme A
74
Ox. Pyruvate Outputs
2 CO2, 2 NADH, 2 Acetyl CoA
75
Citric Acid Cycle / Krebs Cycle
Acetyl group from acetyl CoA is transferred to oxalate to form citrate. Citrate is oxidized (3 NADH + 1 FADH2 produced) 2 CO2 is released 1 GTP or ATP is produced
76
Total outputs per glucose
4 ATP (2 from glycolysis 2 from CAC) 6 CO2 (2 from ox. pyruvate, 4 from CAC) 10 NADH ( 2 from glycolysis, 2 from ox. pyruvate, 6 from CAC) 2 FADH2 (from CAC)
77
Oxidative phosphorylation
The only pathway where O2 is a reactant. Consists of electron transport chain and chemiosmosis to generate ATP
78
Electron Transport chain
A series of proteins and organic molecules found in the inner membrane of the mitochondria (IM)
79
Chemiosmosis
The process used to make ATP with the proton gradient.
80
Complex I
Electron carriers NADH and FADH2 are reduced to NAD and FAD. Complex receives 4 electrons and pumps 4 H+ into the IM
81
Complex II and Q
Receives e-s from FADH2. Q (ubiquinone) passes pairs of electrons from C I and C II to C III
82
Complex III
cyt C passes single electrons from C III to C IV
83
Complex IV
Oxygen (O2) is reduced by 2 electrons and that reduced oxygen (O) picks up 2 Hs to make H2O. Pumps H+ into IM space.
84
ATP Synthase
An H+ channel and enzyme for ADP + Pi -> ATP. ATP synthase turns as H+ ions move down their gradient, this turn catalyzes the addition of phosphate to ADP -> ATP.
85
Fermentation
anaerobic (non oxygen requiring) pathway for breaking down glucose
86
Lactic Acid Fermentation
NADH transfers its electrons directly to Pyruvate, generating lactate as a byproduct. NAD is regenerated b/c it was oxidized.
87
Alcohol Fermentation
NADH donates its electrons to a derivative of pyruvate, producing ethanol. 1. pyruvate + H+ -> CO2 + acetaldehyde 2. acetaldehyde + NADH + H+ -> ethanol + NAD
88
Photoautotrophs
use sunlight to make food
89
Chemoautotrophs
capture energy from inorganic compounds to make food.
90
Stomata
How the cell acquires CO2
91
Light dependent Reactions
Makes ATP and NADPH (e- carrier) and occur in thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts
92
Main pigments of the thylakoid
Chlorophyll a Chlorophyll b beta carotene
93
Photosystem II and I both have...
Contain a light harvesting complex and reaction center
94
Light harvesting complexes
Contain pigments that absorbs light, exciting the pigment. The pigment then passes light energy to chlorophyll a molecules in the reaction center.
95
Reaction Center
The light excited an electron from the chlorophyll a pair, passing it to the first electron accept of the ETC.
96
Thylakoid Membrane Components
Photosystem I and II ETC 2 enzyme complexes, NADP reductase and ATP synthase.
97
ETC (Photosynthetic)
1. transports e- from PSII to PSI 2. e- is transported from PSI to NADP reductase 3. final e- acceptor of the light rxn, NADP+ -> NADPH (H+ gradients created as electrons fall down the chain and ATP synthase uses gradient to make ATP)
98
Calvin cycle
1. Fixation 2. Reduction 4. Regeneration
99
Fixation
CO2 is added to RuBP by enzymes RuBisCO to generate 2 x 3-PGA
100
Reduction
ATP and NADPH are used to add electrons and make sugar (G3P) (one G3P will leave, leaving 5 for phase 3) 2x G3P -> glucose
101
Regeneration
Regeneration of RuBP from G3P

BIOL 111 (3 decks)

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