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History and Systems > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Define dispositionist

A

Someone who believes actions are because of inherent traits over situations (nature)

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2
Q

What is the differentiation between cardinal, central, and secondary traits, and whose idea was this?

A

Gordon Allport, cardinal=master qualities, central=everyday ones that people see, secondary=more like “states,” based on situation

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3
Q

What is the Rorschach Test?

A

Devised by Hermann Rorschach, it is the inkblot test used to interpret/project personality based on unconscious answers

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4
Q

Whose idea was the fourfold typology personality and whose idea was it based on?

A

Hans Eysenck, Galen’s humoral theory

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5
Q

What is the fourfold typology personality?

A

a chart based on stability/instability and introversion/extraversion and Galen’s four humors

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6
Q

What is the difference between surface and source traits, and whose idea were they?

A

Raymond Cattell, surface=the visible actions, source=the underlying factors

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7
Q

Whose was the 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire, and what is it mainly used in?

A

Raymond Cattell, career counseling

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8
Q

What is the locus of control both internally and externally, and whose idea was it?

A

Julian Rotter, internal=people believe events are caused by their own responsibility, external=people blame outside factors like fate or luck

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9
Q

What was a byproduct of the locus of control theory and whose idea was it?

A

Learned helplessness, Martin Seligman

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10
Q

What is an explanatory style?

A

The ways in which people explain what happen to them, by Martin Seligman

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11
Q

What was the byproduct of Seligman’s learned helplessness theory?

A

Seligman also believed that because people can learn helplessness, they can learn optimism, leading into the birth of positive psychology

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12
Q

Who discovered the three infant temperaments and what are they?

A

Alexander Thomas and Stella Chess; easy, difficult, slow-to-warm-up

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13
Q

Who are two men who did twin studies and what did they find?

A

Thomas Bouchard and Matt McGue; find that nature/DNA plays a part in personality traits

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14
Q

Who performed the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging and what did they find?

A

Paul Costa and Robert McCrae, find the Big 5 personalities: extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, openness, neuroticism, all on a scale of ten values

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15
Q

What is cognitive developmental theory and whose idea was it?

A

Jean Piaget, who had four stages: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational

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16
Q

What is the difference between assimilation and accommodation?

A

Jean Piaget states that assimilation is fitting new knowledge into an existing framework, and accommodation is changing one’s framework to fit in new knowledge

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17
Q

What is the L.A.D., whose idea was it, and what did he study?

A

Noah Chomsky discovered the Language Acquisition Device in the brain. which has innate knowledge of deep structure (grammar), while studying language development

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18
Q

Who conducted the Jimmy & Johnny study and what did they find?

A

Myrtle McGraw studied the physical development of these twins and found that early stimulation is essential for development

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19
Q

What did Konrad Lorenz study and what does it mean?

A

Lorenz was an ethologist, meaning he studied animal behavior, and he studied “imprinting” in baby geese, meaning he acted as their mother to see if they would have a picture of him as their mother in their mind (they did)

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20
Q

What is attachment theory and who contributed to it?

A

John Bowlby theorized through his studies of maternal care that babies develop different kinds of attachments to their caregivers, and Mary Ainsworth contributed by developing the “Strange Situation” experiment

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21
Q

Who largely studied moral development and what did he find?

A

Lawrence Kohlberg studied how children develop morally and developed 6 stages of moral development

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22
Q

Which psychologist spent time in prison and what came from it?

A

Dennis Krebs studied moral development after his time in prison, focusing on different aspects of how morality develops

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23
Q

Who studied development through the whole lifespan?

A

Erik Erikson and his 8 stages of psychosocial development

24
Q

Who studied the influence of others on people’s judgment and what did they find?

A

Muzafer Sherif, found that people will often conform to what others say to alleviate conflict

25
Q

Who is the father of social psychology and what did he do?

A

Kurt Lewin, applied Gestalt principles to social psychology and came up with field theory

26
Q

Whose idea was cognitive dissonance theory and what is it?

A

Leon Festinger explains the psychological discomfort when we hold conflicting beliefs/thoughts and how this may lead to certain defense mechanisms

27
Q

What was the Stanford Prison Experiment?

A

Conducted by Philip Zimbardo, it was an experiment that assigned participants as either prisoners or guards to study conformity, torture, etc.

28
Q

What was the obedience study?

A

Conducted by Stanley Milgram, this study was done to study whether people just blindly obey authority, inspired by former Nazi soldiers

29
Q

What is the bystander effect and who studied it?

A

John Darley and Bibb Latane; if other people are not responding to an obvious problem, the person will not respond either

30
Q

Who were the Gibsons?

A

James and Eleanor Gibson studied depth perception in various capacities, and Eleanor Gibson developed the visual cliff experiment with infants

31
Q

What is the theory of signal detection and whose was it?

A

J.A. Swets, who found that variations in sensation and perception occur because of variation in neuron movement and participant expectations of the exercise

32
Q

Who wore upside down glasses and what did he find?

A

George Stratton, found that spatial perception can be learned and relearned, and by day 5 he could function completely normally

33
Q

Who put microelectrodes in cat brains and why?

A

David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel, to discover brain parts, finding that we have very specific “edge receptors” to identify form

34
Q

What is drive reduction theory and whose is it?

A

Clark Hull, decided that drive reduction was the goal of all motivated behavior (e.g., we are motivated to end our drive for hunger by eating)

35
Q

How did William James contribute to the study of emotion?

A

Through the James-Lange theory of emotion, which stated that bodily symptoms precede an emotion and decide what emotion we believe we are feeling

36
Q

What is the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion?

A

Walter Cannon’s theory proposes that we feel physical and emotional responses at roughly the same time when an outside stimulus presents itself

37
Q

What is the Schachter-Singer theory of emotion?

A

Proposed mainly by Stanley Schachter, this theory says that emotion comes from both a cognitive appraisal of a situation and physical response interacting

38
Q

Who was the founder of humanistic psychology and what did he theorize?

A

Abraham Maslow, theorized about the hierarchy of human needs as physiological, safety, love and belonging, self esteem, and self-actualization

39
Q

What is the mere exposure effect and whose idea was it?

A

Robert Zajonc; the idea that familiarity with any given thing will eventually lead to liking it

40
Q

Who were the co-founders of the Harvard Center for Cognitive Studies?

A

George Miller and Jerome Bruner

41
Q

Who began the cognitive revolution and what did he discover?

A

George Miller, the magical number 7 +/- 2 in memory

42
Q

Who created the “Logic Theorist” and when/where was it presented?

A

Teacher Herbert Simon and student Allen Newell, presented at MIT in 1956

43
Q

What else did Simon and Newell create?

A

The General Problem Solver (GPS) that could do basic math equations

44
Q

Who was Elizabeth Loftus and what did she research?

A

Elizabeth Loftus did research in memory and semantic networks, with specializations in false trauma recollections, finding criticisms of recovered memory techniques and therapies

45
Q

What is the Turing test?

A

Developed by Alan Turing, it is still used today to analyze how well a computer can “think”

46
Q

What is “Cognition and Reality” and who wrote it?

A

Ulric Neisser writes in this book about how the mechanical processes of a computer cannot fully explain the cognition of the mind, often earning him the name “Father of Cognitive Psychology”

47
Q

What is Parallel Distributed Processing and whose idea is it?

A

David Rumelhart uses ideas of connectionism to model how information actually travels in the brain and how the brain connects ideas

48
Q

What was Freud’s contribution to psychotherapy?

A

He led the ideas of dynamic psychoanalysis and had followers called Neo-Freudians continuing his work

49
Q

What conditioning work was done with goats, sheep, and a pig named Tiny, and by who?

A

Howard Liddell purposefully created fears in these different animals then deconditioned these fears from them, starting the field of behavioral therapy

50
Q

Who used the term “desensitization” for their behavioral work?

A

Joseph Wolpe, who conditioned and deconditioned neuroses in cats and began using these behavioral therapies with humans

51
Q

What is a fear hierarchy and whose idea was it?

A

Joseph Wolpe; building a patient up step-by-step to facing their fears

52
Q

What is Rational Emotive Therapy or REBT and whose idea was it?

A

Albert Ellis created REBT as a form of therapy that challenged irrational ideas through his ABC method, stating that positive consequences come from positive beliefs

53
Q

Who created CBT and what was it originally for?

A

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy was originally intended for depression and was created by Aaron Beck

54
Q

Who created the “Depression Inventory” and what was it?

A

Aaron Beck, a self-report scale that measured three things: someone’s attitudes about themselves, the world experience, and their future (the cognitive triad)

55
Q

What is client-centered therapy and whose idea was it?

A

Carl Rogers, a humanistic psychologist, who emphasized allowing the client to lead more of the discussion and “unconditional positive regard” from the therapist to the patient

56
Q

Who turned Gestalt into a therapy?

A

Frederick (Fritz) Perls

History and Systems (1 decks)

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