Exam 2 Flashcards
Define dispositionist
Someone who believes actions are because of inherent traits over situations (nature)
What is the differentiation between cardinal, central, and secondary traits, and whose idea was this?
Gordon Allport, cardinal=master qualities, central=everyday ones that people see, secondary=more like “states,” based on situation
What is the Rorschach Test?
Devised by Hermann Rorschach, it is the inkblot test used to interpret/project personality based on unconscious answers
Whose idea was the fourfold typology personality and whose idea was it based on?
Hans Eysenck, Galen’s humoral theory
What is the fourfold typology personality?
a chart based on stability/instability and introversion/extraversion and Galen’s four humors
What is the difference between surface and source traits, and whose idea were they?
Raymond Cattell, surface=the visible actions, source=the underlying factors
Whose was the 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire, and what is it mainly used in?
Raymond Cattell, career counseling
What is the locus of control both internally and externally, and whose idea was it?
Julian Rotter, internal=people believe events are caused by their own responsibility, external=people blame outside factors like fate or luck
What was a byproduct of the locus of control theory and whose idea was it?
Learned helplessness, Martin Seligman
What is an explanatory style?
The ways in which people explain what happen to them, by Martin Seligman
What was the byproduct of Seligman’s learned helplessness theory?
Seligman also believed that because people can learn helplessness, they can learn optimism, leading into the birth of positive psychology
Who discovered the three infant temperaments and what are they?
Alexander Thomas and Stella Chess; easy, difficult, slow-to-warm-up
Who are two men who did twin studies and what did they find?
Thomas Bouchard and Matt McGue; find that nature/DNA plays a part in personality traits
Who performed the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging and what did they find?
Paul Costa and Robert McCrae, find the Big 5 personalities: extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, openness, neuroticism, all on a scale of ten values
What is cognitive developmental theory and whose idea was it?
Jean Piaget, who had four stages: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational
What is the difference between assimilation and accommodation?
Jean Piaget states that assimilation is fitting new knowledge into an existing framework, and accommodation is changing one’s framework to fit in new knowledge
What is the L.A.D., whose idea was it, and what did he study?
Noah Chomsky discovered the Language Acquisition Device in the brain. which has innate knowledge of deep structure (grammar), while studying language development
Who conducted the Jimmy & Johnny study and what did they find?
Myrtle McGraw studied the physical development of these twins and found that early stimulation is essential for development
What did Konrad Lorenz study and what does it mean?
Lorenz was an ethologist, meaning he studied animal behavior, and he studied “imprinting” in baby geese, meaning he acted as their mother to see if they would have a picture of him as their mother in their mind (they did)
What is attachment theory and who contributed to it?
John Bowlby theorized through his studies of maternal care that babies develop different kinds of attachments to their caregivers, and Mary Ainsworth contributed by developing the “Strange Situation” experiment
Who largely studied moral development and what did he find?
Lawrence Kohlberg studied how children develop morally and developed 6 stages of moral development
Which psychologist spent time in prison and what came from it?
Dennis Krebs studied moral development after his time in prison, focusing on different aspects of how morality develops