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BIOL 412 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Phylogenetic species concept

A

The smallest set of organisms that share an ancestor and can be distinguished from other such sets

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2
Q

Ecological species concept

A

Individuals of the same species share the same ecological requirement (habitat, diet, predators, etc).

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3
Q

Which species concept do people use when studying speciation?

A

Biological Species Concept

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4
Q

Reduced hybrid fertility (postzygotic)

A

Offspring can’t reproduce

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5
Q

Hybrid breakdown (postzygotic)

A

Hybrid is fertile, but when they breed the next generation is sterile or die

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6
Q

Speciation

A

The formation of two species from one original species

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7
Q

Vicariance (allopatric speciation)

A

Geographic barrier emerges

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8
Q

Dispersal (allopatric speciation)

A

When a few members of a species move to a new geographical area

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9
Q

Sympatric speciation

A

The formation of new species in populations that live in the same geographic area

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10
Q

Morphological species concept

A

Individuals of the same species look alike

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11
Q

Biological species concept

A

Individuals of the same species can interbreed and produce viable and fertile offspring in the wild

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12
Q

Limitations of biological species concept

A

Cannot be applied to fossils or asexual organisms, emphasizes absence of gene flow/ RING SPECIES

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13
Q

Limitations of morphological and phylogenetic species concept

A

Cryptic species (think it’s 1 species, but DNA sequencing shows it’s 2 species)

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14
Q

Which species concept do people use when describing species?

A

Morphological Species Concept or Phylogenetic Species Concept

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15
Q

Habitat Barrier (Prezygotic)

A

Populations are isolated because they breed in different habitats

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16
Q

Temporal barrier (prezygotic)

A

Breeding at different times or seasons

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17
Q

Behavioral barrier (prezygotic)

A

Uses different technique to woo mates

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18
Q

Mechanical barrier (prezygotic)

A

Differences in reproductive anatomy

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19
Q

Gametic barrier (prezygotic)

A

Sperm and egg are incompatible

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20
Q

Reduced hybrid viability (postzygotic)

A

Die before able to reproduce or as embryo

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21
Q

Polyploidy

A

Condition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes (diploid gametes, tetraploid)

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22
Q

Reinforcement

A

Hybrids less fit than parent species

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23
Q

Fusion

A

Speciation process reverses

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24
Q

Stability

A

Hybrids continue to be produced

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25
Q

Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes

A

-all prokaryotes have a cell wall, only some eukaryotes
-eukaryotes have complex, membrane-bound organelles
-prokaryotes are smaller than eukaryotes
-some prokaryotes have capsule (sticky outer layer), but eukaryotes never do
-eukaryotes can move more easily, cell walls make it harder
-DNA in prokaryotes is in a large circular chromosome in center of cell
-plasmids are more common in prokaryotes
-prokaryotes use binary fission to divide, while eukaryotes use sexual and asexual reproduction

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26
Q

2 forms of prokaryotes

A

Bacteria and archaea

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27
Q

Both Bacteria and Archaea are

A

Small, use asexual reproduction, and reproduce fast

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28
Q

Diffusion

A

Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration (how prokaryotes get nutrients)

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29
Q

Binary fission

A

A form of asexual reproduction in which one cell divides to form two identical daughter cells.

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30
Q

Mutation

A

Bacteria can produce 100 million copies a day, so 10 mutations per day

31
Q

Horizontal gene transfer

A

Transfer of genes between cells of the same generation

32
Q

Transformation in bacteria

A

Cell dies and disintegrates and other cells take up DNA

33
Q

Transduction in bacteria

A

DNA is transferred from one bacteria to another by a virus

34
Q

Cell wall of bacteria

A

Have peptidoglycan

35
Q

Cell wall of archaea

A

Have no peptidoglycan

36
Q

Gram-negative bacteria

A

Contains a thin layer of peptidoglycan on the inside

37
Q

Gram-positive bacteria

A

Contains a thin layer of peptidoglycan on the outside

38
Q

Archaea are

A

Thermophiles, acidophiles, halophiles (like salt)

39
Q

Eukaryotes evolved

A

1.8-2.1 million y/a

40
Q

Autogenous evolution (eukaryotes)

A

Cell walls evolved from invagination of cell membrane

41
Q

Endosymbiotic evolution (eukaryotes)

A

Engulfing event (mitochondria and chloroplast)

42
Q

Evidence for endosymbiotic theory

A
  1. mitochondria have own DNA
  2. Double membrane-bound organelles
  3. Divide by binary fission
  4. Similar size to bacteria
43
Q

Primary endosymbiosis event

A

Non-photosynthetic eukaryote engulfs cyanobacteria

44
Q

Secondary endosymbiosis event

A

Non-photosynthetic eukaryote engulfs photosynthetic eukaryote and becomes photosynthetic

45
Q

Mitochondria late hypothesis

A

Other organelles formed first then endosymbiosis occurs (mitochondria forms)

46
Q

Mitochondria early hypothesis

A

Mitochondria develops first in endosymbiosis

47
Q

Simple multicellular organisms

A

Cells arranged in single layers, able to adhere to one another, very little communication between cells

48
Q

Complex multicellular organisms

A

Cellular adhesion (similar to simple multicellular organisms), cell communication, cell differentiation (specialized roles)

49
Q

Land plants evolved

A

465 million y/a

50
Q

4 challenges of living on land

A
  1. obtaining water
  2. preventing desiccation
  3. moving sperm to egg
  4. preventing zygote from desiccation
51
Q

Desiccation

A

Drying out

52
Q

4 plant groups

A
  1. bryophytes
  2. seedless vascular plants
  3. gymnosperms
  4. angiosperms
53
Q

Examples of bryophytes

A

Mosses, liverworts, hornworts

54
Q

Examples of seedless vascular plants

A

Ferns, horsetails, lycophytes

55
Q

Examples of gymnosperms

A

Conifers, cycads, and ginkgoes

56
Q

Examples of angiosperms

A

Flowering plants, grasses, deciduous trees

57
Q

Alternation of generations

A

The alternation between the haploid gametophyte and the diploid sporophyte in a plant’s life cycle

58
Q

Sporophytes are

A

Diploid

59
Q

Gametophytes are

A

Haploid

60
Q

Sporophytes undergo ______ to produce _______ spores.

A

meiosis, haploid

61
Q

Spores grow through _____ into _____

A

mitosis, gametophytes

62
Q

Two gametes unite during fertilization to form a ______ _______

A

diploid zygote

63
Q

Dominant generation

A

More complex and noticeable

64
Q

The Dominant Generation in bryophytes is

A

Gametophyte

65
Q

The sporophyte in bryophytes is

A

Sporangium (releases haploid spores)

66
Q

Gametophyte of Bryophyte is important for __________ ____________

A

Preventing Desiccation

67
Q

The dominant generation of SVP is

A

Sporophyte

68
Q

Bryophyte/SVP: sperm is made in the _______, eggs are made in the _______

A

antheridium, archegonium

69
Q

SVP: _________ prevents the zygote from desiccation

A

gametophyte

70
Q

Gymnosperms and angiosperms Dominant generation

A

Sporophyte

71
Q

Gymnosperms and angiosperm sporophyte produces (male) __________ and (Female) _________ through _____________

A

Microspores, megaspores, meiosis

72
Q

Pollen contains

A

Sperm

73
Q

Seeds contains

A

Zygotes

BIOL 412 (3 decks)

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