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BIOL 412 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Phylogenetic species concept

A

The smallest set of organisms that share an ancestor and can be distinguished from other such sets

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2
Q

Ecological species concept

A

Individuals of the same species share the same ecological requirement (habitat, diet, predators, etc).

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3
Q

Which species concept do people use when studying speciation?

A

Biological Species Concept

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4
Q

Reduced hybrid fertility (postzygotic)

A

Offspring can’t reproduce

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5
Q

Hybrid breakdown (postzygotic)

A

Hybrid is fertile, but when they breed the next generation is sterile or die

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6
Q

Speciation

A

The formation of two species from one original species

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7
Q

Vicariance (allopatric speciation)

A

Geographic barrier emerges

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8
Q

Dispersal (allopatric speciation)

A

When a few members of a species move to a new geographical area

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9
Q

Sympatric speciation

A

The formation of new species in populations that live in the same geographic area

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10
Q

Morphological species concept

A

Individuals of the same species look alike

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11
Q

Biological species concept

A

Individuals of the same species can interbreed and produce viable and fertile offspring in the wild

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12
Q

Limitations of biological species concept

A

Cannot be applied to fossils or asexual organisms, emphasizes absence of gene flow/ RING SPECIES

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13
Q

Limitations of morphological and phylogenetic species concept

A

Cryptic species (think it’s 1 species, but DNA sequencing shows it’s 2 species)

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14
Q

Which species concept do people use when describing species?

A

Morphological Species Concept or Phylogenetic Species Concept

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15
Q

Habitat Barrier (Prezygotic)

A

Populations are isolated because they breed in different habitats

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16
Q

Temporal barrier (prezygotic)

A

Breeding at different times or seasons

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17
Q

Behavioral barrier (prezygotic)

A

Uses different technique to woo mates

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18
Q

Mechanical barrier (prezygotic)

A

Differences in reproductive anatomy

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19
Q

Gametic barrier (prezygotic)

A

Sperm and egg are incompatible

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20
Q

Reduced hybrid viability (postzygotic)

A

Die before able to reproduce or as embryo

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21
Q

Polyploidy

A

Condition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes (diploid gametes, tetraploid)

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22
Q

Reinforcement

A

Hybrids less fit than parent species

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23
Q

Fusion

A

Speciation process reverses

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24
Q

Stability

A

Hybrids continue to be produced

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25
Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes
-all prokaryotes have a cell wall, only some eukaryotes -eukaryotes have complex, membrane-bound organelles -prokaryotes are smaller than eukaryotes -some prokaryotes have capsule (sticky outer layer), but eukaryotes never do -eukaryotes can move more easily, cell walls make it harder -DNA in prokaryotes is in a large circular chromosome in center of cell -plasmids are more common in prokaryotes -prokaryotes use binary fission to divide, while eukaryotes use sexual and asexual reproduction
26
2 forms of prokaryotes
Bacteria and archaea
27
Both Bacteria and Archaea are
Small, use asexual reproduction, and reproduce fast
28
Diffusion
Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration (how prokaryotes get nutrients)
29
Binary fission
A form of asexual reproduction in which one cell divides to form two identical daughter cells.
30
Mutation
Bacteria can produce 100 million copies a day, so 10 mutations per day
31
Horizontal gene transfer
Transfer of genes between cells of the same generation
32
Transformation in bacteria
Cell dies and disintegrates and other cells take up DNA
33
Transduction in bacteria
DNA is transferred from one bacteria to another by a virus
34
Cell wall of bacteria
Have peptidoglycan
35
Cell wall of archaea
Have no peptidoglycan
36
Gram-negative bacteria
Contains a thin layer of peptidoglycan on the inside
37
Gram-positive bacteria
Contains a thin layer of peptidoglycan on the outside
38
Archaea are
Thermophiles, acidophiles, halophiles (like salt)
39
Eukaryotes evolved
1.8-2.1 million y/a
40
Autogenous evolution (eukaryotes)
Cell walls evolved from invagination of cell membrane
41
Endosymbiotic evolution (eukaryotes)
Engulfing event (mitochondria and chloroplast)
42
Evidence for endosymbiotic theory
1. mitochondria have own DNA 2. Double membrane-bound organelles 3. Divide by binary fission 4. Similar size to bacteria
43
Primary endosymbiosis event
Non-photosynthetic eukaryote engulfs cyanobacteria
44
Secondary endosymbiosis event
Non-photosynthetic eukaryote engulfs photosynthetic eukaryote and becomes photosynthetic
45
Mitochondria late hypothesis
Other organelles formed first then endosymbiosis occurs (mitochondria forms)
46
Mitochondria early hypothesis
Mitochondria develops first in endosymbiosis
47
Simple multicellular organisms
Cells arranged in single layers, able to adhere to one another, very little communication between cells
48
Complex multicellular organisms
Cellular adhesion (similar to simple multicellular organisms), cell communication, cell differentiation (specialized roles)
49
Land plants evolved
465 million y/a
50
4 challenges of living on land
1. obtaining water 2. preventing desiccation 3. moving sperm to egg 4. preventing zygote from desiccation
51
Desiccation
Drying out
52
4 plant groups
1. bryophytes 2. seedless vascular plants 3. gymnosperms 4. angiosperms
53
Examples of bryophytes
Mosses, liverworts, hornworts
54
Examples of seedless vascular plants
Ferns, horsetails, lycophytes
55
Examples of gymnosperms
Conifers, cycads, and ginkgoes
56
Examples of angiosperms
Flowering plants, grasses, deciduous trees
57
Alternation of generations
The alternation between the haploid gametophyte and the diploid sporophyte in a plant's life cycle
58
Sporophytes are
Diploid
59
Gametophytes are
Haploid
60
Sporophytes undergo ______ to produce _______ spores.
meiosis, haploid
61
Spores grow through _____ into _____
mitosis, gametophytes
62
Two gametes unite during fertilization to form a ______ _______
diploid zygote
63
Dominant generation
More complex and noticeable
64
The Dominant Generation in bryophytes is
Gametophyte
65
The sporophyte in bryophytes is
Sporangium (releases haploid spores)
66
Gametophyte of Bryophyte is important for __________ ____________
Preventing Desiccation
67
The dominant generation of SVP is
Sporophyte
68
Bryophyte/SVP: sperm is made in the _______, eggs are made in the _______
antheridium, archegonium
69
SVP: _________ prevents the zygote from desiccation
gametophyte
70
Gymnosperms and angiosperms Dominant generation
Sporophyte
71
Gymnosperms and angiosperm sporophyte produces (male) __________ and (Female) _________ through _____________
Microspores, megaspores, meiosis
72
Pollen contains
Sperm
73
Seeds contains
Zygotes

BIOL 412 (3 decks)

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