Exam 2

Question 1

Ivan Pavlov

Answer 1

interested in digestion and noticed a psychic reflex in dogs when doing his experiments

Question 2

Little Albert

Answer 2

showed fear conditioning with a white rat and a loud clanging noise. eventually little albert became afraid of all white furry creatures

Question 3

acquisition

Answer 3

forming an association

Question 4

extinction

Answer 4

losing an association

Question 5

spontaneous recovery

Answer 5

suddenly showing the conditioned response after it has been extinguished

Question 6

generalization

Answer 6

when there is a CR when anything even kind of like CS is sounded or shown (like little albert with any white fluffy animal and not just rats)

Question 7

The “Garcia Effect”

Answer 7

showed that poisoned food leads to one trial learning. “Conditioned taste aversion learning”. Exceptionally strong learning effects. STRONGEST FORM OF LEARNING KNOWN.

Question 8

Edward Thorndike

Answer 8

Law of Effect

Question 9

Law of Effect

Answer 9

the likelihood that a given behavior will be repeated depends on the outcome of the behavior (Positive outcome: increase behavior, aversive outcome: decreased behavior)

Question 10

Law of Effect Puzzlebox with cats trapped

Answer 10

Edward thorndike

Question 11

Skinner Box

Answer 11

rats ignore the bar until being trained that bar pressing means it gets food. After the training the rat presses the bar when they get hungry

Question 12

Reinforcer

Answer 12

any event that strengthens the behavior it follows

Question 13

Positive reinforcer:

Answer 13

present pleasurable stimulus after response

Question 14

negative reinforcer

Answer 14

removal of aversive stimulus

Question 15

primary reinforcer

Answer 15

innately satisfying

Question 16

secondary reinforcer

Answer 16

is conditioned and learned (for example: clicker training in dogs)

Question 17

reinforcement schedules

Answer 17

ratio (fixed or variable) or interval (fixed or variable)

Question 18

Highest Reinforcement schedule type

Answer 18

variable ratio

Question 19

are ratio or interval higher in responses

Answer 19

ratio

Question 20

interval or fixed higher in responses

Answer 20

variable

Question 21

punishment

Answer 21

an aversive event that decreases the behavior that it follows. Must be consistent, immediate, and sufficiently strong

Question 22

Shaping

Answer 22

teaching a behavior not currently in repertoire. it is the reinforcement of successive approximations

Question 23

Can learn observationally

Answer 23

rhesus monkeys afraid of snakes

Question 24

Albert Bandura

Answer 24

studied aggression in children. Bobo doll experiment with children

Question 25

Does all learning require consequences?

Answer 25

no because there is observational learning and latent learning which is when learning occurs without reinforcement, but is only visable with reinforcement

Question 26

latent learning

Answer 26

rat maze experiment. 3 groups of rats.

Question 27

Test enhanced learning

Answer 27

4 learning conditions done by Karpicke. wants participants to learn Swahili-English word combinations. Testing increased the recall of information

Question 28

leads to release of dopamine by the nucleus accumbens

Answer 28

mesolimbic dopamine system

Question 29

hebbs theory

Answer 29

cells that fire together, wire together. brain is plastic and neural connections form with learning

Question 30

long term potentiation

Answer 30

the strengthening of a synaptic connection so that postsynaptic neurons are more easily activated

Question 31

memory

Answer 31

the process by which we observe, store, and recall information

Question 32

Encoding

Answer 32

the stage in which information is first encountered

Question 33

storage

Answer 33

intermediate stage in which information is present, but is not being encoded or retrieved

Question 34

retrieval

Answer 34

stage in which information is remembered and used

Question 35

Recall

Answer 35

remembering in the absence of the item being remembered (typically the most difficult test)

Question 36

Recognition

Answer 36

recognition material when it is seen (often easier to recall)

Question 37

relearning

Answer 37

assessed by comparing time needed to relearn material to the initial learning time

Question 38

sensory memory

Answer 38

very short duration, capacity is approximately 12 items

Question 39

iconic memory

Answer 39

visual (less than a second)

Question 40

echoic memory

Answer 40

hearing (less than 10 seconds)

Question 41

whole report test

Answer 41

recalling visual information

Question 42

STM

Answer 42

STM fades after 30 seconds and has a limited capacity of around 7 chunks of infomation. requires maintence and is elaborative (related to other knowledge)

Question 43

Age and STM

Answer 43

STM capacity increases with age and is primarily due to an increase in chunking ability with age

Question 44

Interference between verbal and visual STM?

Answer 44

none

Question 45

proactive interference

Answer 45

old information interferes with the retrieval of new information

Question 46

retroactive interference

Answer 46

newly stored information interferes with retrieval of old information

Question 47

semantic proactive interference

Answer 47

information of same category more likely to interfere with your ability to remember items in a list

Question 48

working memory

Answer 48

more recent version of STM that emphasizes active nature of STM processing.

Question 49

3 components of WM

Answer 49

central executive, phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad