Exam 2

Question 1

Anomie

Answer 1

a social condition in which norms are weak, conflicting, or absent

Question 2

Emile Durkheim

Answer 2

Regulations & Integrations –> NEEDS BALANCE

Ex: Dropping your pencil –> getting slapped –> every time. Overregulation –> TOO OVERWHELMING (Structural Functionalist)

Question 3

Ethnocentrism

Answer 3

Belief in the superiority of one’s nation or ethnic group. –> Judging

Question 4

Legalistic Approach

Answer 4

deviance defined as violation of the law

Question 5

Normative Approach

Answer 5

study of development using norms, or average ages, when most children reach specific developmental milestones

Question 6

Statistical Approach

Answer 6

uses factor analysis, or similar statistical procedures, to identify major personality traits

Question 7

Moral Entrepreneurs

Answer 7

groups that work to have their moral concerns translated into law

Question 8

Moral Panic

Answer 8

a widespread and disproportionate reaction to a form of deviance

Question 9

Stigma

Answer 9

mark of disgrace

Question 10

Techniques of Neutralization

Answer 10

ways of thinking or rationalizing that help people deflect (or neutralize) society’s norms

Question 11

Denial of Responsibility

Answer 11

caused by an outside force –> EXCUSES

Question 12

Denial of Injury

Answer 12

The offender insists that their actions did not cause any harm or damage

Question 13

Denial of Victim

Answer 13

The offender believes that the victim deserved whatever action the offender committed.

Question 14

Condemning the Condemners

Answer 14

People who enforce the law and even the victims are also corrupt, immoral

Question 15

Appeal to Higher Loyalties

Answer 15

Individuals argue that ethics must be ignored to fulfill more important goals

Question 16

Social Stratification

Answer 16

a system by which a society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy

Question 17

Systems of Stratification

Answer 17

slavery - most rigid form
castes systems - confine individuals assigned TIGHT rules social classes - members of social class that share common status & lifestyles

Question 18

Absolute Poverty

Answer 18

lack of resources to afford basic necessities

Question 19

Relative Poverty

Answer 19

lack of resources to maintain an average standard living

Question 20

Intergenerational Mobility

Answer 20

changes in the social position of children relative to their parents –> better of than their parents were

Question 21

Intragenerational Mobility

Answer 21

movement up or down a social stratification hierarchy within the course of a personal career

Question 22

Sex

Answer 22

the biological distinction between females and males

Question 23

Gender

Answer 23

learned attitudes and behaviors that characterize women and men (SOCIAL & CULTURAL EXPECTATIONS)

Question 24

Transgender

Answer 24

a gender identity or performance that does not fit with cultural norms related to one’s assigned sex at birth

Question 25

Cisgender

Answer 25

individuals whose gender identity matches his or her biological sex

Question 26

Intersex

Answer 26

possessing biological sexual characteristics of both sexes (NOT CLEARLY MALE/FEMALE)

Question 27

Androgynous

Answer 27

having both male and female characteristics

Question 28

Glass Ceiling

Answer 28

the mostly invisible barrier that keeps women from advancing to the top levels at work

when women become parents, women’s maternal wall increases gender wage gap

Founder: Marilyn Loden

Question 29

Gender Gap

Answer 29

Difference in political views between men and women

Question 30

Ethnicity

Answer 30

the fact or state of belonging to a social group that has a common national or cultural tradition.

Question 31

Race

Answer 31

A group of human beings distinguished by physical traits, blood types, genetic code patterns or genetically inherited characteristics. (SOCIAL CONSTRUCT)

Question 32

Discrimination

Answer 32

Behaving differently, usually unfairly, toward the members of a group.

Question 33

Individual Discrimination

Answer 33

person-to-person or face-to-face discrimination; the negative treatment of people by other individuals

Question 34

Institutional Discrimination

Answer 34

negative treatment of a minority group that is built into a society’s institutions (NOT easy to detect, hidden within the institution)

Question 35

Labeled Deviant

Answer 35

falsely accused
pure deviant

Question 36

Non-Labeled Deviant

Answer 36

secret deviants
conformist

Question 37

Secret Deviants

Answer 37

those who have broken the rules but are not caught and/or punished. (Avoid detection & labeling)

Question 38

Conformist

Answer 38

person who complies with accepted rules and customs