Exam 2

Question 1

Which were the philosophical arguments for the vegetarian postion

Answer 1

To kill animals unnecessarily was unjust

Question 2

Which were the philosophical arguments for the anti vegetarian postion

Answer 2

Humans are by nature superior to other species intellectually and physically
Animal kind was distinct from humankind and inferior

Question 3

Which myth provide the background for ancient philosophical vegetarianism

Answer 3

Prometheus and the gift of the fire
Prometheus’ gift provided humans with the means by which to cook meat.

He stole fire from Mt. Olympus and gave it the the humans- taught humans how to use it

Humans learned to like the taste of meat in that they were not natural predators who easily took to raw flesh

Question 4

Empedocles (supporter)

Answer 4

Killing and eating animals is unjust and impious because one would be consuming kin

Humans bear a kinship to animals, if eaten they would be guilty of cannibalism
All creatures posses some degree of thought and intelligence
Unjust to kill any living creature

Question 5

Pythagoras- supporter

Answer 5

Concern for the suffering of animals
Way to accustom humasn to a simple life style
Health of body and mind
Metempsychosis= meat free diet , those that wanted to avoid eating their former kin reincarnated into animals.
All animals have rational souls capable of perception and memory

Question 6

Plutarch devoted to vegetarianism

Answer 6

Sentiency
Equality of species
Unnatural diet for humans- eating raw meat is for beast
Ethical problems in torturing animals

Question 7

Porphyry devoted to vegetarianism

Answer 7

Vegetarian diet is healthier than meat diet
Justice- it is unjust to hurt sentient beings

Question 8

Plato (they coexist)

Answer 8

Does not condemn meat eating
Meat is considered wholesome food and recommended to athletes
Should be vegetarian in order to reestablish the link with animals found in the myth of the Golden age

Question 9

Who was Aesop

Answer 9

Greek fabulost and storyteller
The Life of Aesop-fictional story of his life

Question 10

Characteristics of aesopic fables

Answer 10

Animals in his fables speak, solve problems, and generally have human characteristics

Question 11

Most important roman fabulists

Answer 11

Phaedrus
Babrius
Avianus

Question 12

Panchatantra

Answer 12

Collection of interrelated animal fables
Classical Hindu text based on older oral traditions

Question 13

Panchatantra vs Greek and Roman fables

Answer 13

Fables had independent origins in many ancient human cultures, some of which have common roots and some influenced by co sharing of fables

Question 14

Aristotle works on animals

Answer 14

Parts of animals- animal anatomy and physiology
History of animals- pioneering work of zoology
Generations of animals- animals reproduction
Movement of animals- general principles of animal locomotion
Progression of animals- gait and movement in various kinds of animals

Question 15

Aristotle- important in animal studies

Answer 15

Humans are different from animals
Interested in comparative anatomy and biology
Appeal to spiritual and intellectual characteristics and to humans upright posture

Question 16

Aristotle knowledge of animals

Answer 16

First to attempt the creation of a taxonomic categorization and hierarchy of animals
Placing human characteristics first as the ideal model and comparing animal forms to them

Question 17

Aristotle classification of animals (gene)

Answer 17

Birds
fish
cetaceans
Hard shelled animals- shellfish
Soft shelled aniamsl- crayfish, crabs, lobsters
Soft bodied animals- squid ans cuttlefish
Segmented animals- insects

Question 18

Human animal relationships according to Aristotle

Answer 18

Nature is designed with specific ends
Shape of humans lips and tongues= pronouncable letters

Question 19

How accurate is the information provided by Aristotle

Answer 19

Some truths but also some wrong- observational
Roundabout way of looking at the animals behavior

Question 20

Pliny
Characteristics of his account on animals

Answer 20

Combined scientific exposition with anecdotal digression and stories form roman history
Moral component
Attribute human characteristics to animals
For broad audience

Question 21

Pliny
Does he provide scientific or fantastic descriptions of animals

Answer 21

Both

Question 22

Pliny
Does he provide information about medical remedies

Answer 22

Yes,
Blood of the elephant-
The scalp, teeth an dgenital of the hyena

Question 23

Plutarch
Characteristics and the issues of his treaties on animals

Answer 23

Anthropomorphic animals
His knowledge derives from earlier treaties not from experimentation
Contradicts himself- eating of meat, superior being

Question 24

Plutarch
What is theriophily

Answer 24

That animals are superior to humans
Admiration for the character and behavior of animals

Question 25

Plutarch
What type of essay is Gryllus

Answer 25

Moralia

Question 26

Roman triumph

Answer 26

Ceremony held to publicly celebrate the success of a military commander who:
Had successfully completed a foreign war
Enlarged the borders of the Roman state
Had killed at least 5000 enemies
Have had independent command as magistrate

Procession-> a sacrifice-> victory games

Question 27

How were the animals used and displayed in Roman triumph

Answer 27

4 white horses would pull the chariot
Bulls and oxen were sacrificed- walked infront of procession dressed fancy- bred specifically for this event

Question 28

How were animals used for entertainment in ancient Rome

Answer 28

Exotic animals were used in the games that followed rhe procession,
Collected in foreign conquered countries or presented as gifts from kings

Question 29

Accounts on animals in roman games

Answer 29

Mosaics from the Roman villa
Zliten mosaic

Question 30

Theories explaining why Roman’s enjoyed watching the public slaughter of animals

Answer 30

Natural world was a frightened space, animals harmed them or preyed on their crops or live stocks
Animals killing other animals- violence in the world
Humans killing animals- making a secure environment for themselves
Animals killing humans- punishment for criminals, prisoners of war etc.

Question 31

Impact of roman games on animals

Answer 31

Large numbers of the species of animals killed within a few days
Enormous amount perished