Exam 2 Flashcards
Indeterminate forms you can use L’Hospital’s Rule on
0/0, ∞/∞, ∞/-∞, -∞/-∞
0 * ∞ or 0 * -∞
rewrite as g(x)(1/f(x)) or f(x)/(1/g(x)) to get into form you can use L’Hospital’s Rule on
∞-∞
Use algebra (common denominators) to rewrite in a form you can use L’Hospital’s Rule on
0^0, ∞^0, or 1^∞
Use natural logarithms to rewrite in a form you can use L’Hospital’s Rule with. Let y=the indeterminate form–>take limit of both sides. —> Don’t forget to relate y back to the original limit
Product Rule in limit
Integration by parts
Integration by parts formula
the integral of (udv) = uv - the integral of (vdu)
What to let u equal when using integration by parts
LIPET
Logarithm, Inverse trig function, Polynomial, Exponential, Trig function
Trigonometric integrals - cosine and sine
cosine squared + sine squared = 1
Trigonometric integrals - tangent and secant
1 + tangent squared = secant squared
Trigonometric integrals - cotangent and cosecant
1 + cotangent squared = cosecant squared
Half angle formula - cosine
cosine squared = 0.5(1+cosine(2x))
Half angle formula - sine
sine squared = 0.5(1-cosine(2x))
Double angle formula
sin(2x) = 2sinxcosx
Derivative - sine (o/h)
cosine
Derivative - cosine (a/h)
-sin
Derivative - tangent (o/a)
Secant squared
Derivative - secant (h/a)
tanxsecx
Derivative - cotangent (a/o)
-cosecant squared
Derivative - cosecant (h/o)
-cscxcotx
integral of secant squared
tanx +c
integral of cosecant squared
-cotx +c
integral of tanx
ln|secx| +c
integral of secx
ln|secx+tanx| +c
integral of secxtanx
secx
integral of cscxcotx
-cscx
integral of cotx
ln|sinx|+c
integral of cscx
ln|cscx-cotx| +c
Trigonometric substitutions: a^2 + x^2
Let x=atan(theta)
Trigonometric substitutions: a^2 - x^2
Let x=asin(theta)
Trigonometric substitutions: x^2 - a^2
Let x=asec(theta)
the integral of P(x)/Q(x)
Partial fractions
P(x) > Q(x)
long division
P(x) < Q(x)
Partial fractions
Linear factors
single variable on top (A, B, C…)
Irreducible Quadratic
Linear fuction on top (Ax+B, Cx+D…)
the nth root (g(x))
Let u=the nth root(g(x)) to change integrand into rational fraction
the integral of x^n when n does not =0
(x^(n+1))/(n+1)
the integral of 1/x
ln|x|
the integral of e^x
e^x
the integral of b^x
(1/(lnb))*(b^x)