Exam 2 Flashcards
Lect 8
Bovine Non infectious infertility
Differentiate between management and physiological challenges resulting in noninfectious infertility and describe potential treatments
-Noninfectious: not the entire herd
-May be an indirect result of pathology
-Scarring/adhesions of ovaries
-Blockage of oviducts
-Uterine lesions/adhesions
-Neoplasia, pituitary, gonads, hypothalamus
Factors that interfere with fertility
- Genetics: chromosomal vs. genetic anomalies. Not always passed to offspring
- Management: suggest strategic plan and follow up with client
- Nutrition
- Developmental: surgical procedures
Freemastinism XX
-Shared chorioallantoic membranes
-Testicles of male twin develop prior to female
-Production of AMH = inti-male hormone = inhibits female duct system development
-Chimera: parts male and female
-No TDF protein = oviducts, uterus, cervix, or vagina
-TDF protein = Sertoli cells = AMH = no uterus, oviducts, nor vagina.
-At about 6-9 weeks of gestation
-Freemartin: clinical appearance normal, but internal reproductive organs abnormal. Most common short vagina, absent cervix, +/- uterine horns
-Dx: History of twin birth. Vagine 1/3 normal length. Lab test PCR, Karyotyping . Rudimentary gonads and rudimentary epididymis present.
-Enlarged clitoris, small vulva, tuft of hair on ventral vulva
Idiopathic noninfectious infertility
-Mummified twin
-Multiple births that do not make it to term
-EED: early embryonic death
-Aplasia: segmental aplasia WHITE HEIFER DISEASE (shorthorn)
-Maceration of fetus: soften into parts, steeping in a liquid
-Mummified fetus Tx: serial PGF2a injections (uterine contractions), therapeutic C-section
- Environment
-Heat stress
-Footing, concrete, slippery surfaces, temperature
-Nocturnal display of heat - Stress
-Lactational anestrus: calf physical presence - Male vs. female
-Chimera: parts male and female
-Freemartin - Endocrine: hormonal/mechanical. In vitro fertilization, embryo transfers, cloning.
ANESTRUS is a sign, not a diagnosis
-Insufficient hormonal stimulus: due to stress, nutrition, pathology, poor detection of heat. Failure to know she is pregnant.
Detection of Estrus
-Does she have a CL?
-Palpation, ultrasound or progesterone/estradiol assays
-No CL: prepubertal anestrus. Poor nutrition. Zebu later Dairy earlier puberty. Postpartum anestrus. Cystic ovarian degeneration. Metritis, high production dairy cattle. Suckle suppression in beef cattle. Poor nutrition. Heat stress. Neoplasia (Granulosa cell tumor)
-Larger scrotal circumference = earlier puberty of calves
-Intersex states: freemartinism. Ovarian aplasia/hypoplasia
Body weight/fat: Puberty
Ovarian Cystic degeneration = Anestrus
Tx: GnRH/PGF2a or hCG/PGf2a, cull or IVF
-Thin walled fluid follicular structure >25 mm
-Absence of LUTEAL tissue
-Persists 10 days
-Irregular estrus intervals
-“bull like” appearance
-Increase calving interval by ~50 days
-Self recovery ~50%
-Negative energy balance, lack of estradiol precursor, increased incidence in high producing dairy cattle
-Theca cell: Androstenedione - precursor to estradiol
-Granulosa cell: pre-selection responsive to FSH, post selection to FSH and LH = production of estradiol.
-Cystic follicle: Granulosa cell damage, no estrogen, no androstenedione, no AROMATASE, no + feedback hypothalamus and AP gland, no LH surge, no ovulation
-CL present: Freemartinism, WHITE HEIFER disease, Hydrometra, mucometra, segmental aplasia (abnormal organ development): absence of uterine horn ipsilateral CL. Postpartum - pyometra (not common in bovine). Post service pregnancy/maceration. Mummified fetus. Silent heat. Suckle suppression.
Differentiate among chemical, endocrine, and developmental non infectious infertility
Noninfectious
Cycling Females that are observed but do not get pregnant
-Adhesions: bursa, tubal, uterine, cervical
-Paraovarian cysts
-AI poor technique
-Bulls not fertile
-White heifer disease
Congenital
-Congenital persistent hymen: vagina fills with mucus
-Paraovarian cysts: may occlude uterine tubules
-Uterus didelphid: 2 cervices, not necessarily infertile
Cycling females, observed but fail to produce a calf
-Early embryonic death
-Environmental heat stress
-Aged gamates: poor AI timing
-Chromosola anomalies
-Induced: Traumatic, PG2Fa
Sex chromosomes
~5% to sterility
Lecture 9
Bovine Infectious infertility
Pathophysiology, characteristics, C/S, diagnosis, treatment
- Tritrichomonas foetus
-Prepucial crypts habitat (penis)
-Older bulls
-Vagina or uterus, vaginitis, metritis
-Causes fetal loss EED
-Dx: herd history, reverse stair step infertility. Preputial scraping: pipette with aspiration
Lifelong infection in bulls
-Dx females: fetal fluids, uterine contents, cervico-vaginal mucus
-Test and cull
-Sexual rest for cows 60-65 days
-Use AI
-Vaccine, shortens recovery - Brucella abortus
-Zoonotic
-Reportable
-Abortion in the last half of gestation 5th month
-Retain fetal membranes - metritis follows
-Weak calves die soon
-Gram (-) coccobacillus - intracellular
-Transmission: via mucus membranes to lymph nodes resulting in bacteremia spreading to the uterus where it multiplies in chorioallantoic trophoblasts resulting in fetal bacteremia and chorioallantoic necrosis - abortion
Bulls can be unapparent carriers, epididymis/orchitis
-Dx: placentitis, INTERCOTYLEDONARY areas may be dry, thickened, cracked. MOROCCAN LEATHER. Isolation of organism
-Tx: Vaccination (state tag), no tx for positive cases - Listeria monocytogenes
-Gram + coccobacillus
-Encephalatis, abortion, neonatal disease
-Rotten hay and improperly stored silage
-Predilection for fetoplacental tissues
-Abortion in last trimester
-Ingestion - monocytes and macrophages spread, placentitis and fetal septicemia - abortion
-C/S: fever, weight loss, RFM
-Dx: isolation of organism placenta or fetus
-Fetus autolyzed, foci of necrosis in liver (similar to BHV-1)
-Placenta, pinpoint yellow, necrotic foci on tips of cotyledonary villi..
-TX: cow usually recovers - Haemophilus somnus
-Common inhabitant of vagina
-Pure culture required
-Weak calves and stillbirths - Mycoplasma and Ureplasma
-Granular vulvovaginitis
-Salpingitis can lead to infertility
-Uncommon and sporadic causes of abortion
-normal flora reproductive tract - Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis
-Venereal form
-BHV-1
-Enveloped, latency
-Pustular vulvovaginitis and balanoposthitis
Most frequently diagnosed
-STD, semen, instruments
-Pustules, nodules, ulcers, erosions on genitals
-Abortion 4-8 mts of gestation
-MLV can cause abortion
-Fetus autolyzed
-IHC
-Tx: lesions resolve on their own 1-2 weeks
-Prevention: AI, vax, biosecurity - BVDV
-Cytopathic
-Noncytopathic
-IP calves and cows: vertical transmission
-4-6 mts gestation immunocompetent
-Microencephaly, cerebellar hypo-plasma, hydraencephaly, hydrocephalus, alopecia
-PI: primary source of spreading the virus. Fetus infected 120-150 days gestation
-Acutely infected usually exposed to PI
-Dx: virus neutralization negative, tests 14 days apart
-Remains virus isolation positive for 14 days or longer
Economic impact
-Decreased weight gain, ovarian pathology, weak calves, abortions, decreased conception, decreased milk production
-Dx: buffy coat, serum, tissue, gold standard. IHC, PCR, ELISA
-Quarantine, test new entries, Vax, detection and elimination of PIs - Blue tongue
-Orbivirus
-Cullicoides nat
-Teratogenesis
-Minor cause of abortion
-Cerebral malformation
-Weak calves
-Dx: difficult
-Only MLV vax - Aspergillus fumigatus
-Ingestion - hematogenous spread - placentitis - abortion
-70% of fungal abortions
-Winter/spring
-Dx: placenta necrosis of cotyledons, thickening of intercotyledonary space.
-Fetus: ringworm like lesions
-Fungal hyphen on microscope or histipath
Lecture 10
Toxic causes of infertility
Abortions - Toxic
- Nitrates
-Plants: Johnson grass, Sudan grass, oats, wheat, corn
-Exposure to fertilizers
-Drought periods
-C/S Methemoglobinemia, fetal hypoxia and death. Late stage abortions
-Dx: test ocular fluid of abortus
-Test hay >1% = toxic - Ponderosa pine
-Hemorrhagic placentitis
-Vasoconstriction at caruncles
-50% abortion rate for cattle grazing pine needles
-Ds: history of ingestion and circumstantial evidence - Locoweed
-Neurologic signs
-Abortion
-Fetal abnormalities: hydrous/arthrogryposis (curl calf)
-Up to 40% may abort
-Addictive
-Dx: history circumstantial - Broomweed or Snakeweed
-Abortion and retained fetal membranes
-Spring
-Mono and Di-terpenes
Infertility - Toxic
- Locoweed
- Fescue
-“summer slump”
-Neotyphodium coenophialum fungus
-Alkaloids - ergovaline
-Decreased repro efficiency/infertility: embryo fertilized with semen from bulls grazing infected fescue = lack ability to develop
-Decreased milk
-Fat necrosis
-Avoid seeded grazing
Teratogens - Toxic
- Poison hemlock
- Lupines
- Tree tobacco
- Skunk cabbage
Bovine induced abortion
Why?
- Accidental breeding
- Pregnancy in feedlot heifer
- Fetal mummification
- Hydro’s conditions = pear and apple abdomen shape due to too much fluid accumulation in amnion and prepubic tendon rupture, muscles
Progesterone Sources in Cattle
CL: ovulation to term
Placenta: 150-250 days gestation
CL: final month of gestation: placental progesterone declines during this time
-The goal is to target the source of progesterone that is appropriate for the stage of gestation at time of induction of abortion
-Prostaglandin F2alpha: Dinoprost or Cloprostenol. 5-6 days post ovulation, no effect on placental progesterone. 5-150 days
-Corticosteroids: dexamethasone. Effect on placental progesterone. 150-240 days combination “unknowns” 5-283 days strategy
Side effects of induced abortion
-Abortion after 120 days leads to RFM in 80% of cattle
-Membranes usually lost within 7 days
-4% of heifers in feed lot will develop fetal mummification
Lecture 11
Reproductive Bulls diseases
Common Diseases of the penis/prepuce
Juvenile Conditions of the Penis and Prepuce
- Penile papilloma (warts)
- Penile Hair rings
- Persistent Frenulum
- Acquire conditions
Penile Warts
Etiology
-Bovine papilloma virus
-Homosexual riding among young bulls
-Enters via wounds
C/S
-Scant hemorrhage after coitus
-Hesitance to extend penis or breed
-Usually single, pedunculate growth
Tx
-Surgical excision
-Towel clamp, turniquet, local anesthetic. 10 Fr. male dog catheter
-Grab the ligament on the dorsal side
-Complications: recurrence, urethral injury
- Penile Hair rings
Etiology
-Body hair accumulation on penis
-Homosexual riding
Tx
-Removal
-Complications: necrosis of urethra - fistula. Amputation of the glans penis
- Persistent frenulum
Etiology
-Incomplete separation of penis and prepuce
-Penis can extend - ventral deviation
Dx
-PE
Tx
-Surgical excision
-Towel clamp, local anesthetic, suture
Genetic, heritability
Preputial Laceration and treatment
-Excessive pendulous sheath
-Excessive preputial length
-Large preputial orifice
Dx
-Swelling of sheath, history, C/S
Tx
-Conservative therapy: Clean damaged tissue
-Emollient ointment PETERCILLIN: 2 g tetracycline powder, 60 ml scarlet oil, 500 g anhydrous lanolin.
-Bandaging and slings
-Surgical treatment possible
Trans-rectal exam structures, how to find them, what they feel like, why important
Palpable structures
- Ampulla: feels like a hotdog
~1.5 cm in diameter
-Terminal dilation of ductus deferens
-Lie along midline between seminal vesicles
Stores sperm produced by the testes - Seminal vesicle: feel lobulated.
-Vesicular glands
-Located craniolateral to the prostate - lobulated
-Paired, symmetrical, freely movable, non-painful
produce fluid that makes up semen - Prostate: feels like a ring on a giant’s finger
produces fluid that nourishes semen - Urethralis m.: feels like a broomstick of pelvis
-3-4 cm, muscular contractions while palpating
Voluntary continence/urination - Inguinal rings
-Located just cranial and ventrolateral to pelvic brim
-Greater than 3 fingers in size may be predisposed to herniation
Facilitate gonads descend
Sperm Defects - Inheritable
Dag defect
-Jersey
-Herford
Tail Stump Defect
-Recessive
-Across species
