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Biology 2010 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

___ is a product of glycolysis, pyruvate processing, and the citric acid cycle

A

NADH

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2
Q

What is a cofactor?

A

an inorganic ion that reversibly interacts with an enzyme

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3
Q

Suppose you discovered a new amino acid. Its R-group contains only hydrogen and carbon atoms. Predict the behavior of its amino acid

A

It is hydrophobic

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4
Q

The tertiary structure of a protein is the ___.

A

unique three-dimensional shape of the fully folded polypeptide

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5
Q

A cell with a predominance of free ribosomes is most likely ____.

A

primarily producing proteins in the cytosol

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6
Q

If a solution surrounding a cell is hypertonic relative to the inside of a cell, how will water move?

A

It net movement of water will be out of cell via osmosis

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7
Q

What determines the secondary structure of a DNA molecule?

A

Hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonding

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8
Q

Where does the citric acid cycle occur in eukaryotes?

A

in the matrix of mitochondria

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9
Q

What contains hydrolytic enzymes?

A

Lysosome

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10
Q

The bonding of two amino acid molecules to form a larger molecule requires the ____

A

release of a water molecule

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11
Q

Steroids are considered to be lipids because they ____

A

are not soluble in water

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12
Q

As cells grow larger, there is a detriment to efficient function. How do eukaryotic cells overcome the ineffieciency?

A

Eukaryotic cells have organelles in the cytosol, which decreases the overall cytosolic fluid volume, allowing less room for reactions and thus increasing efficiency

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13
Q

What is the difference between a ribonucleotide and a deoxyribonucleotide?

A

Ribonucleotides have a hydroxyl group on the 2 carbon of their sugar subunit

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14
Q

What statement is true about NAD+?

A

NAD+ is reduced to NADH during glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and the citric acid cycle

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15
Q

What type of bond is directly involved in the formation of an alpha-helix?

A

Hydrogen bonds between amino acid residues

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16
Q

How do the alpha and beta forms of glucose differ?

A

Their ring structures differ in the location of a hydroxyl group

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17
Q

The evolution of eukaryotic cells most likely involved ____

A

endosymbiosis of an aerobic bacterium in a larger host cell-the endosymbiont evolved into mitochondria

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18
Q

In glycolysis, for each molecule of glucose oxidized to pyruvate

A

two molecules of ATP are used and four molecules of ATP are produced

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19
Q

One of the primary functions of RNA molecules is to ____

A

function in the synthesis of proteins

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20
Q

A glycosidic linkage is analogous to which of the following in proteins?

A

a peptide bond

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21
Q

Which plant cell organelle contains its own DNA and ribosomes?

A

mitochondrion

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22
Q

Starting with one molecule of glucose, the energy-containing products of glycolysis are ____

A

2 NADH, 2 pyruvate, and 2 ATP

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23
Q

What component of amino acid structure varies among different amino acids?

A

the components of the R-group

24
Q

When chemical, transport, or mechanical work is done by an organism, what happens to the heat generated?

A

It is lost to the environment

25
Q

The ____ functional group can always be found in a carbohydrate molecule

A

hydroxyl

26
Q

What can you infer about a high-molecular-weight protein that cannot be transported into the nucleus?

A

It lacks a nuclear localization signal (NLS)

27
Q

How does the structure of DNA allow it to be copied?

A

After separating the strands of a DNA double helix, each template strand can be copied to make two identical DNA molecules

28
Q

Nucleic acids are polymers made up of which of the following monomers?

A

Nucleotides

29
Q

What are polysaccharides?

A

Cellulose, Glycogen, amylopectin, and chitin

30
Q

Most hydrophilic

A

Electrically charged side chains

31
Q

Most hydrophobic

A

Nonpolar side chains

32
Q

Present in a prokaryotic cell

A

Ribosome

33
Q

Glycolysis is a series of ___ reactions that occurs in the ____ of the cells

A

10; cytoplasm

34
Q

What are the four nitrogenous base found in RNA?

A

Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, Uracil (A, C, G, U)

35
Q

Which are a needed component of each monomer to make proteins?

A

Carboxyl group (COOH), amino functional group (NH2), and a side chain (R)

36
Q

What are three attributes of mitochondria and chloroplasts that suggest they were once free-living bacteria?

A

They have their own small, often circular chromosomes, they produce their own ribosomes, and they replicate independently of cellular division

37
Q

Which type of interaction stabilizes the alpha helix and the beta pleated sheet structures of proteins?

A

hydrogen bonds

38
Q

Glycolysis is active when cellular energy levels are ____ the regulatory enzyme, phosphofructokinase, is ____ by ATP

A

low; inhibited

39
Q

What are three ways monosaccharides differ from one another?

A

The orientations of their hydroxyl groups, the number of carbon atoms they contain, and the location of their carbonyl groupd

40
Q

If you wanted to radioactively label the nucleic acids separately from the protein, you would use radioactive ____

A

phosphorus

41
Q

Describe a reason why fats store more energy than carbohydrates

A

compared to carbohydrates , fatty acid chains have a higher ration of bonds with high potential energy to bonds with low potential energy

42
Q

How do the secondary structures of DNA and RNA differ?

A

DNA consists of two nucleotide strands, and RNA consists of one that often folds on itself

43
Q

Following glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, but before the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation, the carbon skeleton of glucose has been broken down to CO2 with some net gain of ATP. Most of the energy from the original glucose molecule at that point in the process, however, is in the form of ________.

A

NADH

44
Q

Which structure is the site of the synthesis of proteins that may be exported from the cell?

A

rough ER

45
Q

Molecular zip codes direct molecules to particular destinations in the cell. How are these signals read?

A

They bind to receptor proteins

46
Q

Redox reactions involve the gain or loss of

A

electrons

47
Q

Lipids ____

A

are insoluble in water

48
Q

Why is ATP an important molecule in metabolism?

A

It energetically couples exergonic and endergonic reactions

49
Q

Under what circumstances does membrane transport require energy?

A

whenever a solute is moved against its electrochemical gradient

50
Q

The glucose molecule has a large quantity of energy in its ____

A

C-H bonds

51
Q

Lipids are insoluble in water because ____

A

they contain nonpolar C-C and C-H bonds

52
Q

Which involves an increase in entropy?

A

hydrolysis

53
Q

Which bonds are created during the formation of the primary structure of a protein?

A

peptide bonds

54
Q

What produces and modifies polysaccharides that will be secreted?

A

Golgi apparatus

55
Q

Which aspect of phospholipids is most important to the formation of bilayers?

A

they are amphipathic

56
Q

What two functional groups are bound to the central carbon of every free amino acid monomer?

A

An amino group and a carboxyl group

Biology 2010 (1 decks)

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