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criminal 330 > exam 2 > Flashcards

exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

crime

A

an action or omission that constitutes an offense that may be prosecuted by the state and is punishable by law.

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2
Q

crime as a social construct

A

refers to collect judgment concerning norms of society

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3
Q

Consensus model of law

A

argues that the organizations of a criminal justice system either do, or should, work cooperatively to produce justice, as opposed to competitively

ex.
functionalism. Functionalists argue that society is based on a system of shared norms and values, which creates a sense of social order among its citizens.

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4
Q

Uniform Crime Report

A

official crime reports
- if multiple crime committed only takes the most serious
- limitations: dark figure- crime not reported to police
2) missing school info
3) different police agencies call crimes different names
ex. rape by husband not federal until recently

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5
Q

Self Report Surveys

A
  • survey of self report of offender
  • survey of time span and occurrence
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6
Q

Crime Incidence

A

event -> time/crime

ex: women being robbed, assaulted and murdered

incidence: 1 due to hierarchy rule

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7
Q

Dark Figure

A
  • unrecorded crime regarding UCR
  • crime that was never reported to police
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8
Q

Microlevel

A

sociologists examine the smallest levels of interaction
ex. “the self” alone

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9
Q

Classical Criminology

A
  • explains crime as a free-will decision to make a criminal choice
  • pain-pleasure principle: people act in ways that maximize pleasure and minimize pain.
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10
Q

Anomie

A
  • does not have to be a bad thing
  • any change
    (social change)
    ex. self check where there only use to be registers : now we are doing what others get paid to do
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11
Q

Formal Social Control

A

Societies can codify
social control by creating
external sanctions enforced by a
government or other legal body to prevent chaos and anomie
ex. police
- formal social control the answer when informal starts to break down or is weak

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12
Q

Principle of Utility

A
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13
Q

Phrenology

A
  • Image result for Who invented phrenology?
    Franz Joseph Gall

-a theory of human behavior based upon the belief that an individual’s character and mental faculties correlate with the shape of their head.

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14
Q

Abstractions

A

The varying levels at which theoretical concepts can be understood
Ex: cus being the variable completely hidden
From the user

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15
Q

Social Distribution of crime

A
  • the patterns and trends of criminal activity across different groups in society
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16
Q

Conflict model of law

A

argues that the organizations of a criminal justice system either do, or should, work competitively to produce justice, as opposed to cooperatively

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17
Q

National Crime Survey (NCVS)

A
  • achieve three primary objectives: to develop detailed information about the victims and consequences of crime, to estimate the number and types of crimes not reported to police, and to provide uniform measures of selected types of crime
  • going door to door or over the phone
  • need to consider ecological fallacy because it is national data not singular
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18
Q

Property v. Violent Crime

A

Property:
motor vehicle theft, and larceny theft (including non-felonious larceny theft)
violent crime:
homicide , rape, robbery, and aggravated assault.

property higher than violent

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19
Q

Crime Prevalence

A

prevalence: # of people arrested

ex: women being robbed, assaulted and murdered

prevalence: # of people arrested

prevalence: 5 people committed crimes

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20
Q

Macrolevel

A

society level

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21
Q

Ecological Fallacy

A

logical error that occurs when the characteristics of a group are attributed to an individual

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22
Q

Positivist Criminology

A

looks to internal or external influences on individuals as the primary cause of criminal behavior

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23
Q

Social Structural Strain

A
  • Merton
  • refers to the processes when needs are not being met
    “blocked opportunities
  • believed strain is already there is society no need for anomie
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24
Q

Informal Social Control

A
  • Informal social control refers to the informal reactions against norms transgression and deviance
    ex. shaming: applied to by peers and social groups
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25
Q

Risk v. cause

A
  • risk is the increased likihood of something occurring
  • cause is the meaning of it being the sole reason why that thing happened

ex drunk driving >increases your risk however sometimes you get back safe

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26
Q

Political Economy Meso-Level

A

indicates a population size that falls between the micro and macro levels

ex.community or an organization

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27
Q

Twin/Adoption Studies

A
  • genetic plays a role but they are different ppl, lives, classes ect.
  • genetic is a
    risk factor — these studies not controlling the environment
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28
Q

ID EGO/SUPEREGO

A

id: I want pleasure
ed: ed needs control: judge
superego: you can’t do that

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29
Q

Albert Bandura Social Learning Theory

A
  • you can learn by observed behavior
  • bobo doll experiment
  1. A live model, which involves an actual individual demonstrating or acting out a behavior
  2. A symbolic model, which involves real or fictional characters displaying behaviors in books, films, television programs, or online media
  3. A verbal instructional model, which involves descriptions and explanations of a behavior
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30
Q

Needs Means

A
  1. no living being can be happy/exist unless needs are proportioned to his means
    > “basic needs are met” of any society

means —> needs
- job. food
- education shelter
- car clothes

means = needs
means > needs
means < needs (crime is a cost of living)

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31
Q

Emile Durkheim Suicide

A
  • crime is normal and inevitable
  • durk argued that “crime is healthy”
  • society only improves when laws are broken
  • crime threatens -> collective conscience
    > crime is the price society pays for progress
  • single most deviant form of human behavior is suicide
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32
Q

Collective Conscience Organic

A
  • shared morals, beliefs, shared values
  • regulates what ppl need and what they want
  • if you want to respect society, you have to get them to respect it , not fear it
33
Q

Mechanical Solidarity

A
  • back when things were tiny villages
  • hardly professions
  • families were self sufficient
    > simple, slow society with low division of labor
34
Q

Robert Merton

A
  • agrees with basic principle of crime is rooted in society
  • basic formula to cause of crime
  • “needs greater than means”
  • disagrees with Durk by arguing Rapid change or “anime” not need needed to create imbalance
  • he believes it is already there
  • believes income gaps cause crime
35
Q

Albert Cohen

A
  • agree with crime rooted with society
  • agree w crime = need > means
  • agree w/ rapid change
  • disagrees –> reject middle class
  • Albert says ppl say “fuck middle class’ imma reject and commit crime
36
Q

Blocked Opportunities

A

crime results in lack of or access to legitimate means

37
Q

Subculture

A
  • reaction form: rejecting what already rejected you
  • predicts expression problems
38
Q

Robert Agnew

A
  • general strain theory
  • believed more of general strain theory was at the miso and micro level
39
Q

Ecology

A

study of plants originally
social ecology: human behavior + our environment (studies)

40
Q

Ethnic heterogeneity

A

consisting of dissimilar or diverse ingredients or constituents : mixed. an ethnically heterogeneous population

41
Q

Collective Efficacy

A

A group’s shared belief in the conjoint capabilities to organize and execute the courses of action required to produce given levels of attainment
- Albert Bandura
- theory says that if individuals fork together in a community, they will be able to control the behavior of all individuals in group

42
Q

Social Disorganization

A

communities with high population turnover rates, diverse populations, and poverty are more likely to experience high levels of crime due to weakened social bonds

43
Q

Robert Sampson

A
  • A group’s shared belief in the conjoint capabilities to organize and execute the courses of action required to produce given levels of attainment
  • “collective efficacy,” which he coined to describe the catalytic effect of group responses to neighborhood problems
44
Q

Causation

A
45
Q

Formal Social Control

A

Societies can codify
social control by creating
external sanctions enforced by a
government or other legal body to prevent chaos and anomie
ex. law enforcement

46
Q

Matza/Sykes

A
  • 5 techniques of neutralization
  • allows ppl to temporary drift and convince themselves that it is not that big of a deal
  • allows people to believe that are not “real” offenders
47
Q

5 techniques of neutralization

A

denial of responsibility

denial of injury

denial of victim

condemnation of condemners

appeal to higher loyalties

48
Q

responsibility

A

deny responsibility by saying it was accident or due to outside forces beyond control
- see themselves as victims or product of control

49
Q

denial injury

A
  • matza and Sykes
    was anyone hurt to was anyone hurt on purpose
  • justify by saying no one was hurt on purpose or truly harmed
50
Q

victim

A

Matza and sykes
done in two ways
(1) victim deserved it
(2) define what happened to victim as punishment and ignore victims hurt bc victims conscience is not present

51
Q

condemnation

A

-Daniel and skyes
focus on who disapproves of them; condemners are hypocrites
- shift focus of action of others while making theirs less important

52
Q

higher loyal

A

-Daniel and skyes
- justify by saying follows actions of the group or subculture they belong in
- may agree with norms (laws of society) but don’t follow because of group

53
Q

Jackson Toby

A

“stakes in conformity”
- professor’s example of being bullying but not doing anything because “stakes of conformity” extremely high

  • how much a person has to lose if he or she engages in criminal behavior
54
Q

Social Bonds

A

-the theory argues that there are four types of social bonds
t hirschi

attachment: peers and parents/social ties to community
ex. weekly fam dinners

commitment: following rules and law to avoid neg consequences
ex. paying a ticket to avoid fines

involvement: involved in socially acceptable activities and routines
ex. after school soccer to not have free time to do bad things

belief: one’s faith or moral codes
ex. not seeking revenge

55
Q

Attachment

A

attachment: peers and parents/social ties to community
ex. weekly fam dinners

56
Q

Involvement

A
  • Hirschi control theory
    involvement: involved in socially acceptable activities and routines
    ex. after school soccer to not have free time to do bad things
57
Q

Unemployment

A
58
Q

Reaction Formation

A
  • rejecting what already rejected you
  • create own society with own norms: call subculture
  • subculture is all the beliefs and rejections of the middle class
  • goal is to have power, control and status
  • @ miso level
  • has to be against what national values are present
59
Q

Gangs

A
  • subculture of reaction formation
  • reaction form: rejecting what already rejected you
  • predicts expression problems
60
Q

General Strain

A
  • stress causes crime or frustration causes crime: 3 causes
  • come from: removal of something valuable in life
    ex. relationship
  • appearance of something unwanted
    ex. new boss you can’t deal
  • blocked opportunity
  • last important one: vicarious
    ex. person has to have some kind of emotional response
61
Q

Chicago School

A
  • population of Chicago growing like crazy this is where people began to see
  • R park + E Burgress (they studied development of cities: noticed same pattern
  • found cities develop like people in a pond (middle of it was the most crime filled and
62
Q

Population density

A
  • amount of people in a space
  • zone in particular high density: correlation of how many ppl fit vs. how many are present
63
Q

Population turnover

A
  • ppl come and go
  • constant transition prevents you f rom forming close connections
  • lots of people limited resources, cannot make ends mean: density
64
Q

Status Frustration

A
  • society sets expectations to meet middle class status however ppl who can not meet this suffer frustration
  • this frustration is what leads to crime
  • ignores “lower class” “poverty level”
65
Q

Correlation

A
66
Q

Interaction Effect

A
67
Q

Operationalization

A
  • process of converting concepts (just ideas) into variables that can be measured, counted, tested
68
Q

Informal Social Control

A
  • sanctioning of an individual by a peer or group member, someone with social stay… whose specific role or social function is not to sanction the transgression of social norms
    ex. written feedback received from peers, praise and aggressive comments
69
Q

Drift/Neutralization

A
  • D Matza and G Sykes
  • rejet idea that criminal different from non criminals
  • if everyone @ one point has committed a crime impossible to think their is “crime gene”
  • difference is level of social control in life
  • “most peopler regular people who “drift” to the dark side”
  • cause is a weak informal social control or temporary loss
70
Q

Stakes in conformity

A
  • Jackson Toby
  • more “informal control” more likely individual will obey the law
  • less informal the more likely person is going to commit crime : “less stakes”
71
Q

Travis Hirschi

A
  • social bonds:
    1. attachment
    2. commitment
    3. involvement
    4. belief
72
Q

Commitment

A
  • following rules and law and to avoid neg consequences
  • avoid legal forces, individuals follow rules thus obeying social control
    ex. paying a parking fee to avoid the late fees
73
Q

Belief

A

one’s faith, values and ideology
> belief can be religious but also the moral codes
ex. not seeking revenge after being wronged due t belief of karma

74
Q

Expressive

A
75
Q

organic solidarity

A
  • high division of labor
  • high populate
  • change of industrial revolution
  • dark noted that he made these chase during the industrial revolution
  • society took more central role to needs of human
  • everyone was depending on someone and therefore (lots of trust) in other for basic needs to be met
76
Q

what does anomie do?

A
  • weakens or threatens collective conscience which regulates crime
  • therefore when anime happens to collective conscience crime is a result
77
Q

political economy of crime
Why micro theories fail?

A
  • 4 spheres of economy
    > family, government, church, economy $
  • all have a man controlling
  • reform change one sphere of influence
  • revolution change all spheres if influence
78
Q

Essentially, Oscar Newman is calling for which of the following?_

(a) Buildings and public places should be designed in a manner that creates high levels of informal social control.
(b) Buildings and public places should be designed in a manner that creates social disorganization.
(c) Buildings and public places should be designed in a manner that creates high levels of formal social control.
(d) Buildings and public places should be designed in a manner that creates macro-level theory.

A

(a) Buildings and public places should be designed in a manner that creates high levels of informal social control.
(b) Buildings and public places should be designed in a manner that creates social disorganization.
(c) Buildings and public places should be designed in a manner that creates high levels of formal social control.
(d) Buildings and public places should be designed in a manner that creates macro-level theory.

A

criminal 330 (1 decks)

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