Exam 2 Flashcards
The vascular system is divided into the _________, ________, and _________
pulmonary arc, systemic arc, and lymphatic system
In the pulmonary arc heart pumps blood via ______ ______ to lungs
elastic arteries
In the pulmonary arc blood is returned to the heart via ______ ____
elastic veins
In the systemic arc heart pumps blood via ______ ______ and _________ ________ to body tissues
elastic arteries and muscular arteries
muscular arteries brand to form ________ which terminate as terminal vascular bed
arterioles
True or False: Muscle veins join elastic veins
True
Fluid from tissues enter small _____ _______ which empty into large _____ _____
lymph vessels, lymph channels
Fluid is returned to vascular system when large _____ ______ join the ______ ______ returning blood to the heart
lymph channels, elastic veins
Define endocardium layer
completely lines the inner surface of the heart
inner subendothelium
dense irregular connective tissue composed of collagen, elastic fibers, and occasional smooth muscle cells
outer subendothelium
loose connective tissue composed collagen, elastic fibers. May also have large amount of adipose tissue, blood and lymph vessels, and specialized conduction cells (Purkinje cells)
two layers of endocardium
endothelium and subendothelium
myocardium is the _____ layer of the heart
thickest
What is the difference between ventricular myocardium and atrial myocardium?
ventricular is made of 3 layers and atrial is thinner made of 2 layers
epicardium is a ______ membrane covering the external surface of the heart
serous
What two layers surround the pericardial sac?
epicardium and parietal pericardium
central layer of the valves of the heart are made of what?
collagenous connective tissue with elastic fibers
chordae tendineae
in AV valves. fibrous cord that helps keep valves shut and prevent backflow
Which of the following are characteristics of purkinje fibers?
a. few myofibrils
b. mitochondria and SR present
c. intercalated disks are present
d. modified myocyte
e. all the above
e.
Name the three layers of blood vessels in order of innermost to outermost
tunica intima, tunica media, tunica adventitia
What layer of blood vessel is the thickest?
tunica media
What is the thickest layer in a vein?
tunica adventitia
Pressure in arteries is ____ whereas pressure in veins is ____
high, low
elastic arteries conduct blood ___ from the heart and muscular arteries distribute blood to ___ _____
away, the body
What are elastic vessels characterized by?
thick tunica media that has fenestrated elastic laminae
Elastic veins are usually characterized by?
tunica adventitia is thicker than tunica media
What happens if the tunica intima is injured?
it stimulates smooth muscle to produce collagen and elastic fibers. the build up of these fibers is called plaque formation
atherosclerosis
build up of plaque on arteries
what are muscle vessels characterized by?
by the tunica media being comprised of smooth muscle
What will you NOT see in lymph vessels?
RBCs
arterioles
-small muscular arteries
-1-3 layers of smooth muscle
-adventitia blends in w surrounding tissue
-act as control valves through which the flow of blood is regulated into the terminal vascular bed
venules
-have indistinct tunica media and adventitia
-collect blood from terminal vascular bed and lead to larger veins
True or False: you will see arterioles and venules together side by side or in close proximity
True
arteriovenous anastomoses
shunt blood from arterioles to venules without passing through a capillary bed.
Where are arteriovenous anastomoses be found?
skin, digestive tract and erectile tissue of male reproductive tract
What is the job of arteriovenous anastomoses?
regulate BP, thermoregulation and erection ect.
where are pericytes located?
vessels of terminal vascular bed, specifically in the vessel’s basement membrane
pericytes
pluripotent cells capable of differentiating into fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells and mast cells
What is a terminal arteriole characterized by?
tunica media comprised of a single layer of smooth muscle. tunica adventitia is absent
True or False: capillaries can fit multiple RBCs
false. they are usually only wide enough for 1 RBC
What are the four types of capillaries?
-continuous (non-fenestrated)
-fenestrated
-discontinuous
-lymph
In which type (s) of capillary is the basement membrane intact?
continuous and fenestrated
Which are characteristics of lymph vessels?
a. pericytes
b. lack basal lamina
c. end blindly
d. all but a
e. prominent in gut
a. they don’t have pericytes
postcapillary venule is the most __________ part of the terminal vascular bed
permeable
What is the importance of the post-capillary venules to immune system?
they can become leakier in response to inflammatory mediators (histamine) and allow WBCs to leak out to site of inflammation.
True or False: Postcapillary venules are smaller than capillaries
False. They can fit 2-3 RBCs wheres capillaries can only fit 1 RBC
Blood sinuses
-occur in erectile tissue
-are large, round/irregularly shaped vessels for pooling of blood.
-lack smooth muscle
venous portal system
capillary bed situated between two veins
arterial portal system
capillary bed situated between two arterioles
example of arterial portal system
glomerular capillaries in kidneys
what are the primary lymphoid organs?
bone marrow and thymus
what are the secondary lymphoid organs?
lymph node, spleen
Primary lymphoid organs usually ____ with age
shrink
yellow bone marrow
has adipose cells and few hematopoietic stem cells
red bone marrow
where hematopoiesis occurs, well vascularized
