Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Bio 106 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Nutrition

A

The food we eat, air we breathe, water we drink, supplements we ingest, and all that we do that literally feeds or nourishes the body for its own health benefit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Conditionally essential AA

A

AA that are only required during stressed or diseased conditions
DO we need to know the ones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

One vitamin we can synthesize without food

A

Vitamin D
B/c it is a hormone
Synthesized in skin, melanin will block UV and thus blocks VitD synth
Do we need to know specific vitamins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Vitamin C

A

Ascorbic acid
Powerful vitamin for immune function and oxidative stress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Minerals

A

Need trace amounts to survive on top of CHONPS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Digestion

A

The breakdown of macromolecules & essential nutrients into the smaller bare molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Complete digestive system

A

Food goes in one end and waste out the opposite, some organisms have waste and food in same hole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Digestion flow chart

A

GO over the flow chart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Where does digestion begin

A

Mouth (biological answer)
Cooking and chopping makes digestion easier for us

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Mouth

A

Mechanical digestion: teeth and tongue break food down into smaller pieces
Chemical digestion: Salivary glands produce saliva with chemical enzymes to break down food
pH = 6-7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Chewing and metabolic rate

A

Increases metabolic rate by 10-15%, about a kcal a min

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Salivary Amylase (Ptyalin)

A

Enzyme in saliva that breaks down starch to maltose
pH 6.5-7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Major components of saliva

A

Mucus, Amylase, lingual lipase, electrolytes, proteins and enzymes
(99%) water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Taste buds

A

Different for everyone
Mini pores with “hairs” on the tongue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Lingual (mouth) lipase

A

produced by tongue (activated by taste)
Breaks triglycerides into FA and glycerol
Most active at a pH of 3.5 so travels to stomach to be active

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Peristalsis

A

Involuntary muscle contraction to move food to the stomach
Aided by water, exercise and fiber
Takes ~6 seconds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Stomach

A

Uses sphincters to churn up food in acid enzyme mix to break it down further
Storage for ~4 hours
Eating too much or things that are hard to break down you can feel it churning.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Stomach acid (hydrochloric acid)

A

pH around 1.5-2 to break through tough proteins and other essentials
Mucous layer keeps pH in check

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Peptic ulcer

A

Hole in your stomach
can be caused by disease or bad diet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Pepsin

A

Main enzyme in stomach for protein breakdown
Regulated by pH (active at <3)
low pH releases it zymogen (pepsinogen) allowing pepsin to work

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Lipase

A

Breakdown lipids in stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Lipid digestion

A

Mechanical churning of the stomach also keeps hydrophobic molecules separated from coalescing. Smaller droplets are easier for the enzyme to work on

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Small intestine

A

6 meters (18ft) long. 5 hours to be processed and digested here
Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Villi

A

In small intestine to increase SA for absorption and digestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Duodenum

A

First part of Small intestine
Mix with bile from gallbladder and digestive juice from pancreas
HCO3- raises pH to aorund 6.5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Bile

A

Made in liver, stored in gallbladder
Helps with digestion, absorption of fats via emulsifying, excretion
Composed of bile salts, phospholipids, cholesterol, bilirubin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Pancreas

A

Helps break down food, control blood sugar, tell your stomach when to empty, etc.
Release pancreatic lipase and pancreatic amylase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Jejunum

A

Absorb sugars, AA, and FA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Ileum

A

Absorb any remaining nutrients that did not get absorbed by duodenum or jejunum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Type of transport for the main molecules

A

Active transport: Glucose, AA
Facilitated diffusion (active): Monosaccharides
Simple diffusion: triglycerides
Osmosis: Water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Trypsin

A

AA cleaving enzyme in SI
Has zymogen (trypsinogen)
Can cause pancreatitis if not regulated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Nucleotide breakdown

A

Broken down by nucleases and are absorbed by active transport
We uses their sugar residues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Vitamin/mineral absorption

A

Mostly absorbed in ilium
Ca2+ can be actively or passively (osmosis) transported into blood. Supplementation promotes passive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Large intestine

A

~ 5 feet long
10 hours to several days for processing with average 36 hours. Full of bacteria
Absorbs water via osmosis and the aid of mechanical contractions which also push electrolytes into the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Chyme

A

Semi-fluid mass of partly digested food that is left after the SI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Bifidobacteria

A

Help modulate immune response, regulate other gut bacteria, prevent tumor formation, produce vitamins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Escherichia coli (E Coli)

A

Help produce vitamin K2, keep bad bacteria in check. Some strains can cause disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Lactobacilli

A

Produce vitamins and nutrients, boost immunity, protect against carcinogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Campylobacter

A

(Food poisoning) C. Coli and C. Jejunii most commonly associated with human disease. Ingested through contaminated food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Clostridium difficile

A

Dangerous when it proliferates following a course of antibiotics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Enterococcus Faecalis

A

Common cause of post-surgical infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Gas formation

A

Air can be ingested through esophagus
Non-digestible carbs are broken down without O2 and ferment –> produce gas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Homeostasis

A

Maintain stable internal environment, even when external environment changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Factors that must remain stable for homeostasis

A

Temperature, blood pH, water levels, blood glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Insulin

A

Released by pancreas when glucose increases in the blood. The “key” that unlocks the glucose channel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Glucagon

A

Released by pancreas when low blood sugar and stimulates glycogen breakdown

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Type 1 diabetes

A

Genetic autoimmune disease
Immune system confuses insulin producing cells in pancreas for a threat so it destroys them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Type 2 diabetes

A

Genetic and environmental factors
Pancreas produces too much insulin the receptors stop functioning or don’t recognize the insulin anymore
Caused by stressful and/or sedentary lifestyle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

“troph”

A

Nourishment or simply food
See flow chart on slide 219

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Hetero

A

Fuel from different organic substance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Auto

A

Fuel from inorganic substance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Chemo

A

Fuel from organic substance with some exceptions like sulfur and iron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Photo

A

Fuel via light

54
Q

Types of herotrophic nutrition

A

Saprotrophic, parasitic, holozoic

55
Q

Saprotrophic nutrition

A

Eat dead plants, dead & decaying animal bodies
ex: yeast, mushrooms

56
Q

Parasitic nutrition

A

Feeds on another actively living organism
ex: tapeworm or lice

57
Q

Holozoic nutriton

A

Ingestion of organic food materials
ex: human beings, ameoba
Need a mouth

58
Q

4 classifications of Holozoic

A

Herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, detritivores

59
Q

Herbivores

A

Eat autotrophs, specialized digestive tracts to breakdown cellulose
Cecum digests cellulose via special bacteria and enzymes
Longer SI and sometimes multiple stomachs
In direct competition with us because they eat our food (crops)
ex: Cows, parrots, honeybees

60
Q

Carnivores

A

Eat other heterotrophs
Require a lot of energy to maintain metabolism
ex: lion, shark , polar bears, frogs

61
Q

Omnivores

A

Eat other heterotrophs and autotrophs
In every animal kingdom and in protists
ex: humans, bears, pigs, wasps

62
Q

Detritivores

A

Eat dead and decaying things
ex: bacterias, earthworms, fungi

63
Q

Protostomes

A

a classification of animals by the fact that their mouth developed first
Most protostomes are insects

64
Q

Insects digestion

A

Stomach pH ~6.5-7
Contain relatively few microbial species compared to mammals, some specialized bacteria, organs aren’t as separate as ours

65
Q

Spiracles

A

Holes which open to environment and are connected to air tubules in insects
Insects quiver to breath and push air into these holes

66
Q

Deuterostomes

A

Anus first development
Mammals
Backward development from protostomes and relates to such animal diversity
Complex respiratory system and high energy demand

67
Q

Bacteria and fungi (general, examples)

A

Herbivores, can be carnivores
Pseudomonas syringe = bacteria model organism
Botrytis Cinerea = Fungi infect grapes
Phytophthora infestans = protist (potato blight)

68
Q

Amoebas

A

Protists
Single cell carnivores that eat via phagocytosis

69
Q

Photoheterotrophs

A

Gain energy from the sun but must eat a carbon source
Most are bacteria, common in ocean
Ex: oriental hornet, paramecium

70
Q

Lithotrophs

A

(stone eater) Chemoheterotrophs that eat inorganic substances (rocks) for carbon sources
Ex: Sulfur bacteria, metallosphaera sedula

71
Q

Saprotrophs

A

Eat dead, decomposing tissue
ex: Fungi

72
Q

Fungi

A

Spore, mycelium, fruitbody
Grow in circles

73
Q

Mycelium

A

Release enzymes into the environment to breakdown nutrients from dead tissue and then absorb them (aka digest outside of body)
Transport broken down organic back into cell
Will grow until out of nutrients (sometimes thousands of years)

74
Q

What can fungi breakdown specially

A

Lignin (wood)
First and most common organism to do this
Great implications on carbon source ecosystems

75
Q

Parasitism

A

Symbiotic relationship which one organism benefits while the other is harmed (heterotrophs that hurt host)
Complex life cycles that cause them to change hosts
Everyone has had a parasite but typically dealt with by immune system before deadly
ex: tick and dog, hookworm and human etc., mistletoe to plant

76
Q

How to avoid parasites

A

Wear gloves when gardening or cleaning litter boxes, fully cook meat, wash fruit and veggies

77
Q

Autotroph

A

Make their own macromolecules for nutrition
Producers of ecosystem
Most animals depend on them to survive
Largest, long-lived organisms

78
Q

Chemosynthesis

A

create useable energy WITHOUT light
ex: deep in ocean, thermal vents provided sulfur and carbon to deep sea creature (fist life)

79
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Create usable energy using light

80
Q

Mutualism

A

Both species benefit from the symbiosis
ex: humans and gut bacteria

81
Q

Commensalism

A

One species benefits, the other is unaffected by the symbiosis
ex: cattle egret and cattle

82
Q

Mycorrhizae

A

Mutualistic alliance of plant with fungi
(both benefit)
Plants call fungus near their roots via chemical release which promotes bacteria growth near plant
Fungi and plant can exchange nutrients
Likely the reason for plants and animals living on land

83
Q

Who proposed endosymbiotic theory

A

Konstantin Mereschkowski

84
Q

Endosymbiotic theory

A

Organelles that distinguish eukaryotes and prokaryotes emerged through mutually beneficial relationship between individual prokaryotes
Engulf of one prokaryote by the other gave rise to mitochondria and chloroplasts
See slide 260

85
Q

Evidence for endosymbiotic theory

A

MADDR
Membranes: Double membrane
Antibiotics: susceptible to antibiotics aka bacterial origin
Division: Reproduction occurs via fission
DNA: Own, naked circular DNA
Ribosomes: Ribosomes identical size to prokaryotic

86
Q

How do plants have mitochondria and chloroplasts

A

They had 2 endosymbiotic events in their history
Mitochon and chloroplast DNA past on via mother because sperm sacrifices to give up DNA

87
Q

Where does virtually all energy come from

A

SUN

88
Q

Coal

A

Organic material from ancient plants

89
Q

Wind

A

from the sun warming one side of the planet and not the other

90
Q

Hydropower

A

From the sun evaporating water which falls on higher elevations

91
Q

Food

A

Most food chains start with energy from a photosynthetic organism
Every carbon in your body has gone through photosynthesis

92
Q

Air from plants

A

We breath oxygen from photosynth
60% O2 from plants
40% from photosynthetic ocean life

93
Q

Stomata

A

Plant “mouth” to breath
CO2 enters via passive diffusion
Opening is controlled via water pressure and light
Lose water in vapor and “exhale” O2

94
Q

Plant cell unique characteristics

A

Cell wall, rigid, large central vacuole , chloroplasts, lack centrosomes, lack lysosomes

95
Q

Animal cell unique characteristics

A

No cell wall, flexible, numerous small vacuoles, no chloroplasts, centrioles/centrosomes, lysosomes

96
Q

Proplastid

A

Stem cells that turn into all the other plasts such as chloroplasts, elaioplast, etioplast, amyloplast, cromoplast

97
Q

Structures of chloroplast

A

See slide 270
Granum
Thylakoid
stroma inner and outer mem.
Stroma lamellae

98
Q

Thylakoid

A

Disc where photosynthesis occurs stacks of these create granum

99
Q

Rxn of photosynth

A

6H2O + 6CO2 –> C6H12O6 + 6O2
Endergonic reaction

100
Q

Why is photosynth reaction not like other reactions

A

Because H2O and CO2 don’t interact at all.
H2O is electron donor that gets oxidized to produce O2
In separate reactions CO2 is e- acceptor making G3P which combines to make glucose
RXNs are coupled to make glucose but kept separate

101
Q

Light side

A

Water oxidized to make ATP and O2

102
Q

Dark side

A

CO2 uses ATP from light side and makes G3P

103
Q

Light rxns

A

Occur in thylakoid membrane
light + water = ATP + NADPH and byproduct of O2

104
Q

Light as a wave

A

Larger wavelength = less energy
Our eyes see 380-760 nm
Plants absorb energy from some of these wavelengths

105
Q

Chlorophyll

A

Plant pigment, light absorber
Types a and b
Electrons are highly mobile in light absorbing region
Hydrocarbon tail that extends into thylakoid membrane to anchor chlorophyll
See structure on 277

106
Q

Photon

A

Packet of light energy
Absorbed by the plant to elevate electron from ground state to excited
Must be specific wavelength to dislodge e- and make it jump to higher level

107
Q

How chlorophyll uses photon energy

A

Harvests excited electrons and use them to create ATP and NADPH
Lost light at lower energy level and will change color (release light of a larger wavelength, lower frequency)

108
Q

Wavelengths chlorophyll B absorbs

A

Blue (smaller wavelength)

109
Q

Wavelengths chlorophyll A absorbs

A

Orange and red
Longer wavelengths

110
Q

Why does chlorophyll look green

A

green light is not absorbed by it and therefore is reflected and that is why we see it

111
Q

How do plants trap energy

A

energy from excited electron gets transferred from one chlorophyll to another via resonance energy transfer (down a staircase) until it reaches the reaction center where e- is removed from chlorophyll and passed to primary e- acceptor

112
Q

Photosystem

A

“Mouth” where energy transfer begins
2 of them
Photosystem II comes first but was discovered second

113
Q

ETC of stroma

A

Walk through slides 285-290
Series of redox reactions where electron is dropping energy as it moves through
Pq oxidized then Cyt then Pc
When reduced they grab a proton when oxidized releases proton to lumen

114
Q

End of ETC

A

e- get transferred to a new molecule of chlorophyll replacing a previously removed e-
e- get another energy boost from PSI and energy is stored in NADPH

115
Q

How ATP is made

A

Proton gradient in thylakoid membrane created by ETC flow down their CG to power ATP synthase

116
Q

Photophosphorylation

A

ADP –> ATP is NOT a redox reaction
It is endergonic but is powered by [H+] gradient

117
Q

Summary EQ of light reactions

A

12 H2O + 12 NADP+ + 18 ADP + 18Pi + light —> 6O2 + 12 NADPH + 18 ATP

118
Q

What is water used for in PSII

A

Split H2O to replace the energy that is lost with the electron that gets stripped from chlorophyll
2 waters needed to make one O2

119
Q

What is missing from products of light rxns that is needed to make glucose

A

CO2

120
Q

Phases of the Calvin Cycle

A

CRCR
Carbon fixation
Reduction
Carbohydrate formation
Regeneration

121
Q

Where does the Calvin cycle take place

A

stroma of the chloroplasts

122
Q

Who and how discovered calvin cycle

A

Melvin Calvin did via tracking radioactive carbon 14

123
Q

Calvin cycle process

A

Go over steps slide 303
Regenerates molecules needed for light reactions

124
Q

Carbon fixation

A

CO2 combined with RuBP ad fixed into organic 6 carbon molecule that is split into 2 3PGA (low PE)

125
Q

Reduction

A

Uses ATP and NADPH (anabolic) the 2 3PGA molecules are converted into G3P (higher PE than 3PGA)

126
Q

Carbohydrate formation

A

2 G3P is taken out of chloroplast and converted into glucose (or other sugars)

127
Q

Regeneration

A

10 G3P and 6 ATP used to regenerate RuBP
“Carbon shuffle”
Very energy INefficient

128
Q

Rubisco

A

Eight catalytic sites where it takes Carbon from CO2 and adds it to RuBP and then splits it in half
Most abundant enzyme on the planet
Slow and huge
Also like O2 which is a problem

129
Q

Summary of calvin cycle

A

6CO2 + 12 NADPH + 6 H2O + 18 ATP –> 2 G3P + 12 H + 12 NADP+ + 18 ADP + 18 Pi

130
Q

Fate of G3P

A

To the cytosol where it can be made into glucose for CR in mitochon, made into cellulose, sucrose to be transported to different part of plant
Can be used to make EVERY other macromolecule (FA, AA, starch, etc)

131
Q
A

Bio 106 (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions