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PSYCH 252 MBB > EXAM 2 > Flashcards

EXAM 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Perceptual neuroscience

A

understanding the neuroscientific/biological/physiological underpinnings of sensation and perception
Sensation and perception– processes by which we receive and perceive information form the environment

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1
Q

Transduction

A

receptors convert physical signals into neural responses (into electrical signals

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2
Q

Fechner and psychophysics

A

Proposed the mind could be studied by examining the relationship between physical stimulation and a person’s experience
Proposed methods to produce absolute threshold– what is the smallest stimulus that can be detected

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3
Q

Fechner’s law

A

mathematical formula describing how we perceive the intensity of a stimulus

ex– if you’re listening to music at a low volume, increasing the volume slightly is more noticeable than the same increase when the volume is already loud.

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4
Q

Electromagnetic spectrum

A

continuum of all wavelengths of radiated energy
Includes x-rays at the short end to radio and tv singlas on the long end

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5
Q

Visible spectrum

A

forms of radiated energy that can be received by visual receptors and translate into useful information

ex– range of colors that can be seen by the human eye

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6
Q

Wavelength

A

distance between the peaks of a wave
Property of light that is interpreted into our visual system as color/hues

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7
Q

Amplitude

A

the size of the peaks and troughs in the waves
Brightness

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8
Q

Cornea

A

outermost part of eye
Initial focusing of light
Rigid structure
Can’t be bent, can’t adjust the focus

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9
Q

Iris

A

Muscular tissue that gives eyes their color

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10
Q

Pupil

A

center of the iris
Opening into the retina
Size of pupil is adjusted by iris relaxing and contracting
Have control over the amount of light that is getting into the eye

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11
Q

Lens

A

purpose is to focus light
Transparent, flexible, structure
Right behind the pupil
Can adjust the focus– allows for accommodation

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12
Q

Retina

A

Focus light into the back of the eye
Within lining is where receptors are
Two types of receptors–
Rods
Cones

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13
Q

The blind spot

A

Hole in retina where axons leave and blood vessels enter/leave– optic disk
Nerve fibers leave eye and go to brian

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14
Q

Nearsightedness (myopia)

A

can see near objects clearly, but objects further away are blurry
cornea/lens blends light too much or the eye is too long
Focal point is in front of the retina

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15
Q

Farsightedness (hyperopia)

A

distant objects are seen clearly, close objects are blurry
Shape of the eye is distorted– too short
Focal point is behind the retina

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16
Q

Rods

A

adapted for vision in dim light
Respond with low levels of brightness
100x more sensitive to light than cones

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17
Q

Convergence

A

bunch of rods are converging/working together to pick up signals

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18
Q

Cones

A

adapted for pervicing color and detail in brighter conditions
Provide better acuity– more sharpness and detail
Why we don’t see color well in low-light conditions
Rods are mostly responding

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19
Q

Transduction of photoreceptors

A

converting physical signals into electrical impulse

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20
Q

Photopigments

A

molecules that experience a chemical change when they absorb light
found in retina

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21
Q

Contralateral organization

A

when information crosses to the other side of the brain

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22
Q

Hubel and Wiesal

A

Interested in how individual cells respond
noticed that these cells react most strongly when they see lines or edges of objects

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23
Q

Feature detection theories

A

center on detection and analysis of features
Propose that the visual system first detects features and then those features are assembled into more and more complex forms

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24
Q

Recognition by components theory

A

according to this theory, we detect basic 3D features known as “geons” in a similar way we recognize letters of the alphabet. By detecting and assembling these features in various combinations, our brain perceives and identifies a wide range of objects and shapes.

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25
Q

Bottom-up processing

A

simple features are built-up into letters, letters are built up into words

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26
Q

Evidence for feature analysis– Hubel and Wiesel

A

Showed individual neurons in the primary visual cortex responds most vigorously to lines or edges at a specific orientation
Commonly interpreted as evidence that individual neurons are functioning as feature detectors

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27
Q

Evidence for feature analyses– Gibson

A

We are sensitive to features
Gave people a simple task– had to judge if two letters on a screen were the same or different
Had to make the judgment as quickly as they could
Showed letters that were different, low feature overlap (G and W), and letter that were different but high feature overlap (P and R)
People were significantly slower when looking at letters that were different but had high feature overlap

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28
Q

Evidence for feature analysis– Neisser

A

Also showed high feature overlap slows people down
showed a block of letters and had people search for a target letter and respond as soon as they found it
Two different trials–
Feature-dissimilar background
Feature-similar background
Slower reaction time

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29
Q

Context affects

A

same features are perceived differently in different contexts

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30
Q

Perceptual constancies

A

tendency to experience a stable perception in the face of changing sensory inputs
Tend to view objects as having a stable size, shape, color, etc
Have the same perception even when the features are changing

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31
Q

Top-down processing

A

Using our knowledge, beliefs, and expectations to organize and interpret what we see

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32
Q

Gestalt principles

A

Rejected the idea that perceptions are formed solely by detecting and assembling component features
Our mind operates in the way that we seek out patterns/ whole things

33
Q

Figure and ground segregation

A

eparate images into figure and ground
Objects against their background
Suggested we have a natural tendency to find objects that are whole against a background

34
Q

Proximity and similarity

A

we tend to group together things that are close to one another

35
Q

principle of closure

A

filling in the gaps to make something whole

36
Q

Thatcher effect

A

immediately noticing when something is off when the face is upright

37
Q

Prosopagnosia

A

Individuals have difficulty recognizing faces of familiar people
Cognitive and reasonable abilities are intact
Understand what they are seeing must be them in a mirror, but for some people with this case they wont recognize photos of themself
This condition occurs when there is damage to the temporal lobe in the area of the FFA

38
Q

active mode of attention

A

When you’re in an active mode of attention, you have a specific goal in mind. Your attention is directed by that goal, and you focus on what’s relevant to achieve it. It’s like a mental spotlight on what matters for your task or objective.

39
Q

passive mode of attention

A

It’s when your focus shifts because of something in your surroundings that grabs your attention, not because you had a specific goal in mind.

40
Q

Spotlight metaphor

A

just as a spotlight can be moved around, attention can be directed and redirected to various things in the environment
Just as a spotlight best illuminates what is at its center, things that are within the central focus of attention receive more thorough processing
Things outside of the focus of attention still receive some processing

41
Q

Visual salience

A

things in your field of vision that grab your attention because they look very different from what’s around them
Salience in color, contrast, movement, orientation, etc
Salience can even attract our attention unintentionally and detract from our goals
Attentional capture

42
Q

Color is Not a Property of Light

A

Wavelengths don’t have color, light is just energy
- Objects don’t have color; we perceive an objects color based on the wavelengths of light being reflected off it
- Color is not a property of light, nor is it a property of objects

43
Q

Color is Constructed by the Mind

A
  • We perceive color because of the way our nervous system responds to certain types of energy
  • The nervous system constructs color from wavelengths through the action of the cones and the rest of the visual system
  • Mental experience created by the mind and only exists in the mind
44
Q

Trichromatic Theory

A

our eyes have three different color receptors– green, blue, and red light
By combining signals from these three types of receptors, our brain can perceive a wide range of colors

45
Q

Negative Color Afterimage

A

Another indication of the complementary nature of colors is the overstimulation of the eyes with one light makes the eyes more sensitive to its component
It’s like your eyes are trying to balance things out, showing you the opposite color

46
Q

Combined Theory

A

Historically, trichromatic theory and opponent-process theory were considered competing theories; we now know that they’re both correct
- There are three color mechanisms at the level of the receptors
- But these receptors converge onto the ganglion cells in a manner that creates the red-green and yellow-blue opponent process

47
Q

Achromatopsia

A
  • No functioning cones, no vision is created by rods alone
  • True color blindness, only see in shades of lightness (white, gray, black), also very light sensitive, poor visual acuity
  • Very rare, affects only 1 in 100,000
48
Q

Dichromacy

A
  • Much more common condition which in which individuals have two functioning cones rather than the usual three (trichromacy)
  • Commonly called color blindness, but dichromats actually see the world in color, it’s just a “flatter” color experience
  • Dichromats confuse colors that trichromats can distinguish; the most common form is a red-green color deficiency in which individuals have difficulty distinguishing red and green
49
Q

Frequency

A

number of cycles or waves per second, measured in units called hertz (Hz)

50
Q

Amplitude

A

size or intensity of the pressure change, measured in units called decibels (db)

51
Q

Interpretation of frequency

A

frequency = pitch
Greater frequencies are perceived as higher pitches
Frequency of sound and pitch we perceive don’t perfectly correspond

52
Q

Human capabilities for detecting frequency

A

Range of frequency a person can detect is large
About 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz per second
At the same time, we can distinguish between sounds that differ only 1% in frequency
We are most sensitive (detecting softest sounds) to frequency that are in the range of 2,000- 4,000 Hz
Human speech is exactly in that range– auditory system has adapted

53
Q

Interpretation of amplitude

A

What we interpret as loudness
Greater amplitudes are perceived as louder
Higher intensity

54
Q

Decibel scale

A

Range of sensitivity is huge
Because the range is so huge, scientist concert amplitude by putting it on a more manageable scale– decibel scale
Range is 0-140
140 on the scale is 10 million times louder than the softest sound we can hear
Average speaking voice is at about 60

55
Q

Pinna

A

external flap of the ear, which funnels sound into the auditory canal
Sound coming from the side/ in front of us is favored because of the way our ears are positioned

56
Q

Auditory canal

A

protects the structures of the middle and inner ear form harsh environmental conditions

57
Q

Tympanic membrane (eardrum)

A

thin membrane stretched across the end of the auditory canal
Responds to sound waves by vibrating

58
Q

Ossicles

A

three bones that transmit and amplify the vibrations of the eardrum
Bones amplify the vibrations of the eardrum– 30 fold

59
Q

Cochlea

A

snail shaped, coiled, fluid-filled structure that converts sound vibrations into electrical signals sent to the brain for hearing

60
Q

Oval window

A

thin membrane where the vibrations of the bones cause the oval window to vibrate
These vibrations cause vibrations in the fluids that are inside the cochlea

61
Q

Transduction

A

When the hair cells are bent in one direction, this pulls open ion channels, the movement ions creates an electrical signal

62
Q

Place theory

A

High-Pitched Sounds: Hair cells closest to the oval window move the most for higher-frequency sounds.
Low-Pitched Sounds: Hair cells deep in the cochlea bend the most for low-frequency sounds. When they bend, our brain interprets it as a low-pitched sound.

63
Q

Frequency theory

A

Perception of pitch corresponds to the rate, or frequency, at which the entire basilar membrane vibrates
Our mind can take information about the amount of vibration in the ear and conclude from that the frequency of a sound

64
Q

Combined theory

A

Frequency mechanism explains pitch perception from 20-200 Hz and place theory is for all the remaining frequencies 200-20,000 Hz

65
Q

method of magnitude estimation

A

Allows us to determine how much louder or quieter one sound is compared to another, like whether it’s twice as loud or ten times quieter.

66
Q

accommodation

A

adjusting for focus

67
Q

receptive fields of cells in the retina

A

Rods and cones converge onto ganglion cells in the retina and create a receptive field
the pattern of light that produces a neural response in the cell
help neurons process sensory information from the environment

68
Q

receptive fields of cells in the primary visual cortex

A

Primary visual cortex (V1) cells have receptive fields.
Receptive fields are specific regions in the visual field that influence a cell’s activity and are sensitive to basic visual features like edges and orientations

69
Q

pop out effect

A

occurs when search times are equally fast across set sizes
Observed a pop out effect for up right faces
No pop out effect for objects like cars, animal faces, inverted faces, or scrambled faces
Interpretation– Face stimuli are processed more efficiently
Face perception advantage only holds when the arrangement of the features is intact

70
Q

holistic processing

A

how our brain perceives and recognizes objects as a whole, rather than just focusing on individual parts
The face perception advantage appears to be related to our ability to process facial features as a whole or in relation to their arrangement.

71
Q

Greebles study

A

Greebles study involved training people to recognize artificial creatures called greebles using FMRI and examining the FFA responses
demonstrated that our brain’s receptive fields can adapt to recognize new stimuli, like Greebles, just as they do for human faces.

72
Q

FFA for face recognition

A

plays a key role in recognizing and processing faces. It is responsible for detecting and distinguishing facial features and helps us identify and remember people’s faces.

73
Q

Posner’s precuing study

A

Posner’s precuing study explores how cues, like visual or auditory signals, influence attention and affect our responses to target stimuli.
The experiment helps us understand how attention can be directed and shifted, impacting our perception and reaction to visual information.

74
Q

O’Craven and Kanwishers superimposed image study

A

used functional MRI to examine brain responses to superimposed images of faces and houses.
The study found that different regions of the brain, specifically the fusiform face area (FFA) and parahippocampal place area (PPA), are selectively activated when viewing superimposed images of faces and houses, demonstrating their specialization in processing distinct visual categories.

75
Q

inattentional blindness

A

when an individual fails to notice a clearly visible object or event in their visual field because their attention is focused on something else. It highlights our limited ability to perceive unexpected information when our attention is engaged elsewhere
(gorilla video)

76
Q

tone height

A

directly related to frequency

77
Q

tone chroma

A

related to octave

78
Q

consonant chords

A

when a combination of tones complement each other to produce a sound that is pleasant to the ear

79
Q

dissonant chords

A

when a combination of tones clashes and creates a harsh, unpleasant sound

80
Q

change blindness

A

where people do not detect significant changes in a scene, even when they are directly looking at it. This occurs because our attention is limited, and we often do not notice changes in objects or details when they occur gradually or outside our focused attention.
ex– in movies when we don’t realize something is wrong

PSYCH 252 MBB (2 decks)

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