EXAM 2 Flashcards

Question

Recognition by components theory

Answer 1

according to this theory, we detect basic 3D features known as "geons" in a similar way we recognize letters of the alphabet. By detecting and assembling these features in various combinations, our brain perceives and identifies a wide range of objects and shapes.

Answer 2

simple features are built-up into letters, letters are built up into words

Answer 3

Showed individual neurons in the primary visual cortex responds most vigorously to lines or edges at a specific orientation Commonly interpreted as evidence that individual neurons are functioning as feature detectors

Answer 4

We are sensitive to features Gave people a simple task– had to judge if two letters on a screen were the same or different Had to make the judgment as quickly as they could Showed letters that were different, low feature overlap (G and W), and letter that were different but high feature overlap (P and R) People were significantly slower when looking at letters that were different but had high feature overlap

Answer 5

Also showed high feature overlap slows people down showed a block of letters and had people search for a target letter and respond as soon as they found it Two different trials– Feature-dissimilar background Feature-similar background Slower reaction time

Answer 6

same features are perceived differently in different contexts

Answer 7

tendency to experience a stable perception in the face of changing sensory inputs Tend to view objects as having a stable size, shape, color, etc Have the same perception even when the features are changing

Answer 8

Using our knowledge, beliefs, and expectations to organize and interpret what we see

Answer 9

Rejected the idea that perceptions are formed solely by detecting and assembling component features Our mind operates in the way that we seek out patterns/ whole things

Answer 10

eparate images into figure and ground Objects against their background Suggested we have a natural tendency to find objects that are whole against a background

Answer 11

we tend to group together things that are close to one another

Answer 12

filling in the gaps to make something whole

Answer 13

immediately noticing when something is off when the face is upright

Answer 14

Individuals have difficulty recognizing faces of familiar people Cognitive and reasonable abilities are intact Understand what they are seeing must be them in a mirror, but for some people with this case they wont recognize photos of themself This condition occurs when there is damage to the temporal lobe in the area of the FFA

Answer 15

When you're in an active mode of attention, you have a specific goal in mind. Your attention is directed by that goal, and you focus on what's relevant to achieve it. It's like a mental spotlight on what matters for your task or objective.

Answer 16

It's when your focus shifts because of something in your surroundings that grabs your attention, not because you had a specific goal in mind.

Answer 17

just as a spotlight can be moved around, attention can be directed and redirected to various things in the environment Just as a spotlight best illuminates what is at its center, things that are within the central focus of attention receive more thorough processing Things outside of the focus of attention still receive some processing

Answer 18

things in your field of vision that grab your attention because they look very different from what's around them Salience in color, contrast, movement, orientation, etc Salience can even attract our attention unintentionally and detract from our goals Attentional capture

Answer 19

Wavelengths don’t have color, light is just energy - Objects don’t have color; we perceive an objects color based on the wavelengths of light being reflected off it - Color is not a property of light, nor is it a property of objects

Answer 20

- We perceive color because of the way our nervous system responds to certain types of energy - The nervous system constructs color from wavelengths through the action of the cones and the rest of the visual system - Mental experience created by the mind and only exists in the mind

Answer 21

our eyes have three different color receptors-- green, blue, and red light By combining signals from these three types of receptors, our brain can perceive a wide range of colors

Answer 22

Another indication of the complementary nature of colors is the overstimulation of the eyes with one light makes the eyes more sensitive to its component It's like your eyes are trying to balance things out, showing you the opposite color

Answer 23

Historically, trichromatic theory and opponent-process theory were considered competing theories; we now know that they’re both correct - There are three color mechanisms at the level of the receptors - But these receptors converge onto the ganglion cells in a manner that creates the red-green and yellow-blue opponent process

Answer 24

- No functioning cones, no vision is created by rods alone - True color blindness, only see in shades of lightness (white, gray, black), also very light sensitive, poor visual acuity - Very rare, affects only 1 in 100,000

Answer 25

- Much more common condition which in which individuals have two functioning cones rather than the usual three (trichromacy) - Commonly called color blindness, but dichromats actually see the world in color, it’s just a “flatter” color experience - Dichromats confuse colors that trichromats can distinguish; the most common form is a red-green color deficiency in which individuals have difficulty distinguishing red and green

Answer 26

number of cycles or waves per second, measured in units called hertz (Hz)

Answer 27

size or intensity of the pressure change, measured in units called decibels (db)

Answer 28

frequency = pitch Greater frequencies are perceived as higher pitches Frequency of sound and pitch we perceive don't perfectly correspond

Answer 29

Range of frequency a person can detect is large About 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz per second At the same time, we can distinguish between sounds that differ only 1% in frequency We are most sensitive (detecting softest sounds) to frequency that are in the range of 2,000- 4,000 Hz Human speech is exactly in that range– auditory system has adapted

Answer 30

What we interpret as loudness Greater amplitudes are perceived as louder Higher intensity

Answer 31

Range of sensitivity is huge Because the range is so huge, scientist concert amplitude by putting it on a more manageable scale– decibel scale Range is 0-140 140 on the scale is 10 million times louder than the softest sound we can hear Average speaking voice is at about 60

Answer 32

external flap of the ear, which funnels sound into the auditory canal Sound coming from the side/ in front of us is favored because of the way our ears are positioned

Answer 33

protects the structures of the middle and inner ear form harsh environmental conditions

Answer 34

thin membrane stretched across the end of the auditory canal Responds to sound waves by vibrating

Answer 35

three bones that transmit and amplify the vibrations of the eardrum Bones amplify the vibrations of the eardrum– 30 fold

Answer 36

snail shaped, coiled, fluid-filled structure that converts sound vibrations into electrical signals sent to the brain for hearing

Answer 37

thin membrane where the vibrations of the bones cause the oval window to vibrate These vibrations cause vibrations in the fluids that are inside the cochlea

Answer 38

When the hair cells are bent in one direction, this pulls open ion channels, the movement ions creates an electrical signal

Answer 39

High-Pitched Sounds: Hair cells closest to the oval window move the most for higher-frequency sounds. Low-Pitched Sounds: Hair cells deep in the cochlea bend the most for low-frequency sounds. When they bend, our brain interprets it as a low-pitched sound.

Answer 40

Perception of pitch corresponds to the rate, or frequency, at which the entire basilar membrane vibrates Our mind can take information about the amount of vibration in the ear and conclude from that the frequency of a sound

Answer 41

Frequency mechanism explains pitch perception from 20-200 Hz and place theory is for all the remaining frequencies 200-20,000 Hz

Answer 42

Allows us to determine how much louder or quieter one sound is compared to another, like whether it's twice as loud or ten times quieter.

Answer 43

adjusting for focus

Answer 44

Rods and cones converge onto ganglion cells in the retina and create a receptive field the pattern of light that produces a neural response in the cell help neurons process sensory information from the environment

Answer 45

Primary visual cortex (V1) cells have receptive fields. Receptive fields are specific regions in the visual field that influence a cell's activity and are sensitive to basic visual features like edges and orientations

Answer 46

occurs when search times are equally fast across set sizes Observed a pop out effect for up right faces No pop out effect for objects like cars, animal faces, inverted faces, or scrambled faces Interpretation-- Face stimuli are processed more efficiently Face perception advantage only holds when the arrangement of the features is intact

Answer 47

how our brain perceives and recognizes objects as a whole, rather than just focusing on individual parts The face perception advantage appears to be related to our ability to process facial features as a whole or in relation to their arrangement.

Answer 48

Greebles study involved training people to recognize artificial creatures called greebles using FMRI and examining the FFA responses demonstrated that our brain's receptive fields can adapt to recognize new stimuli, like Greebles, just as they do for human faces.

Answer 49

plays a key role in recognizing and processing faces. It is responsible for detecting and distinguishing facial features and helps us identify and remember people's faces.

Answer 50

Posner's precuing study explores how cues, like visual or auditory signals, influence attention and affect our responses to target stimuli. The experiment helps us understand how attention can be directed and shifted, impacting our perception and reaction to visual information.

Answer 51

used functional MRI to examine brain responses to superimposed images of faces and houses. The study found that different regions of the brain, specifically the fusiform face area (FFA) and parahippocampal place area (PPA), are selectively activated when viewing superimposed images of faces and houses, demonstrating their specialization in processing distinct visual categories.

Answer 52

when an individual fails to notice a clearly visible object or event in their visual field because their attention is focused on something else. It highlights our limited ability to perceive unexpected information when our attention is engaged elsewhere (gorilla video)

Answer 53

directly related to frequency

Answer 54

related to octave

Answer 55

when a combination of tones complement each other to produce a sound that is pleasant to the ear

Answer 56

when a combination of tones clashes and creates a harsh, unpleasant sound

Answer 57

where people do not detect significant changes in a scene, even when they are directly looking at it. This occurs because our attention is limited, and we often do not notice changes in objects or details when they occur gradually or outside our focused attention. ex-- in movies when we don't realize something is wrong