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Life 1010 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Cell Theory

A
  1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells; and the life processes of metabolism and heredity
  2. Cells are the smallest living thigs, the basic units of organization in all living things
  3. New cells arise only by divsion of existing cells
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2
Q

Similarties found in all Cells

A
  1. Centrally located genetic material, genetic instructions are valuable
  2. Cytoplasm Fluid filled matrix liquid (cytosol), specialized structures (organelles)
  3. Ribosomes Molecular machines to convert genetic info into protein machines
  4. Plasma membrane controlled spaces apart from the environment
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3
Q

Prokaryotes

A

“Before Kernal”, no nucleus

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4
Q

Eukaryotes

A

“After Kernal”, has nucleus

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5
Q

Features of Prokaryotes

A

-Relativley simple
-Encased by a strong/rigid cell wall
-Interiors are very dense w/ proteins, genetic material, etc.
-Interior pressure is high
-Osmosis causes changes in cell pressure
-Invaders are densely packed, osmosis causes high pressure
-Do not have membrane-bound organelles
-Often have flagella

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6
Q

Features of Eukaryotes

A

-Contain their genetic material inside a nucleus
-Organelles define the interior structure of Eukaryotes

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7
Q

Nucleus

A

-Cell’s information center
-Wrapped in membrane
-Pores allow material into and out of the nucleus (Very selctive pores, RNA out, nucleotides in)
-Nucleolus is the primary site of ribosome production

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8
Q

Ribosomes

A

*Cell’s protein-making machines
*Two subunits clamp onto a strand of RNA
* Read RNA to add amino acids and thereby make proteins

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9
Q

Ribosomes (Free floating)

A
  • Cell’s protein making machines
    -Proteins made by ribsomes free-floating in the cytoplasm are destined for targets also free-floating in the cytoplasm
    -Proteins floating in the cytosol
    -Proteins moving into the nucleus
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10
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

-Within the cytoplasm
- A little “network”
-About 10,000 in each cell
-Two major portions (Rough ER or RER and Smooth ER or SER)

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11
Q

Rough ER

A

*Site of protein making
*Coated with ribsomes
* Proteins made on membrane of the RER are destined for membrane bound targets
*Embedded in Plasma membrane
*Exported from the cell
* Sent to other organelles

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12
Q

Smooth ER

A

Make lipids
Sent lipids to membranes (cell membrane organelles)
Smooth surface because no ribosomes are present

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13
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

-Sorts and packages proteins for transport
-Post office of the cell
-Sorts, packages, and distributes
-Materials arrive at the CIS Face and Deport at the Trans Face
-Proteins depart in secretory vesicles (blister)

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14
Q

Lysosomes

A

*Degradation and recycling
*Acidic interior
*Break down molecules brought into the cell through endocytosis (“within cell”)
*Break down “food” brought into the cell through phagocytosis (“eat cell”)
*Break down old organelles through autophagy (“self-eating”)

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15
Q

Vacuoles

A

-Blank Space
-Contains water and other things to help plant cells maintain osmotic balance

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16
Q

Mitochondrion

A

-Genetics (ATP) to power the cells needs creations
-Contain their own DNA and protein synthesis machines (ribosomes)
-Surrounded by a double membrane
-Intermembrane space matters a lot for mitochondrion function

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17
Q

Chloroplasts

A

-Use light to make food
-Plants can make their own food
-Contain chlorophyll pigment that gives plants their green color
-Surrounded by a double membrane
-Structure (spaces) matters a lot for chloroplast function
-Grana, Thylakoids
-Chlorophyll pigments lie on the surface of the thylakoid

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18
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

*Supports and shapes cells
*Three kinds of fibers: Actin filaments, Microtubules, Intermediate filaments
*Supports and shapes cells
*Provides “highways” for transport

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19
Q

Cell Wall

A

-Provides protection and support
-Plants, fungi, many types of bacteria
-Different structure than prokaryotic cell walls
-Made of sugar (cellulose) and protein (Chitin)

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20
Q

Overview of Euakaryotes vs. Prokaryotes

A
  1. Prokaryotes have a free-floating chromosome
  2. Eukaryotes enclose chromosomes within a membrane-enclosed nucleus
  3. Eukaryotes often much larger
  4. Eukaryotes contain lots of internal compartments
  5. Eukaryotes have a diverse, dynamic cytoskeleton
  6. Eukaryotes cells have many diverse organelles whereas prokaryotes have few or none
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21
Q

Organelle

A

Membrane-bound compartment in cytoplasm

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22
Q

Endosymbosis

A

Same life within

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23
Q

How did Eukayotes start?

A

The idea that mitochondria and chloroplasts originated from bacteria that took up residence within a primordial eukaryote cell

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24
Q

Mitochondria and Chloroplasts contain…

A

DNA coils with similar sequence as DNA in bacteria

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25
Q

Euk organelles mito and chloroplasts have a

A

double membrane

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26
Q

One possible way through which eukaryotes could have developed extensive compartmentalization

A

Endosymbosis

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27
Q

Compartmentlization

A

-Many small, specialized spaces
-Structures within a cell specialized for specific functions

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28
Q

Advantages

A

-Incompatible regions can be separated
-Efficiency of reactions is increased

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29
Q

Disadvantages

A

-Movement between spaces can be tough
-Making walls is “expensive” (molecular machinery to make lipids)

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30
Q

Energy

A

-Potential to do work
-Can be found in many forms
-Conservation of energy (for example potential and kinetic energy)

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31
Q

Energy in Biochemical Reactions

A

-Photosynthesis and cellular respiration
-Cells use ATP to power the reactions of cellular metabolism
-ATP consists of 3 phosphate groups (TRI), a ribose, and an adenine
-Energy is released when ATP is hydrolyzed (hydrolysis reactions) into ADP
-ATP use and recharging is a primary mechanism of reaction coupling

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32
Q

Electrons and Bond Energy

A

-Electrons act as energy carriers
-Electrons have energy levels
-Different shells have different energy levels
-But when an electron is present, it brings with it some energy
-Key goal in understanding reactions–>watch where electrons move
- Electrons act as carriers

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33
Q

Energy stored in C-H Bonds is a primary way…

A

that energy is stored in carbohydrates and fats

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34
Q

The “stuff” of chemical bonds

A

Electrons

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35
Q

Reactions involve the breaking of

A

old bonds and making of new ones

36
Q

Bonds in molecules can be

A
  1. Non-polar covalent (equal sharing of molecules)
  2. Polar Covalent bond (unequal sharing of electrons)
  3. Ionic Bonds (No sharing of electrons in the bond Electron transferred)
37
Q

Electrons are drawn closer to O in…

A

Polar bonds than they were in previous non-polar bonds

38
Q

Electrons pulled farther away from H in…

A

Polar bonds than they were in previous non-polar bonds

39
Q

Electrons change close/far location relative to

A

nuclei

40
Q

Electrons move farther from the nucleus—->

A

Atom “loses” electrons atom is oxidized

41
Q

Electrons move closer to the nucleus—–>

A

Atom “gains” electrons atom is reduced

42
Q

LEO the lion says GER

A

Lose electron= oxidized
Gain Electron= Reduced

43
Q

For every redox reaction

A

There is a winner atom and a loser atom

44
Q

First law of thermodynamics

A

Energy can not be created or destroyed, can only be changed in its form

45
Q

Second law of thermodynmics

A

Cannot transform energy and unavoidable loss of orderlines

46
Q

All actions result in an increase of

A

disorder

47
Q

We measure this as a change in..

A

Entropy (increase in disorder)

48
Q

Blank is generally required to produce an order out of disorder, so energy must be used to produce a highly ordered state

A

Work

49
Q

Metabolism is

A

The vast set of chemical reactions in the body’s cells that turn food into energy

50
Q

Anabolism is

A

building up energy stores and body tissues save fuel for body functions

51
Q

Catabolism is

A

breaking down energy stores and tissues to get more fuel for body functions

52
Q

Hydrolysis reactions=

A

Energy is released

53
Q

Dehydration reactions=

A

Energy is absorbed

54
Q

We track energy through a reaction as

A

Gibbs Free Energy (Reports the change in energy)

55
Q

Endergonic energy is

A

required

56
Q

Exergonic energy is

A

released

57
Q

Negative G indicates

A

a reaction will be spontaneous

58
Q

Exergonic occurs

A

spontaneously

59
Q

Endergonic

A

does not occur spontaneously

60
Q

Activation Energy

A

-Even spontaneous reactions require activation energy
-Activation energy is the rate-limiting step in a reaction

61
Q

Role of enzymes

A

(a type of protein) in facilitating the progress of chemical reactions

62
Q

Enzymes are

A

proteins and catalysts

63
Q

Enzymes bring reactants

A

together, stabilize transition states, lower activation energy—-> Speed up Reaction

64
Q

Enzymes are

A

not consumed (used up) in the reaction (immediately able to help another round of the same reaction)

65
Q

Enzyme site of interaction between reactant and enzyme is the

A

Active Site

66
Q

Enzymes achieve their function by

A

Changing their shape

67
Q

Spontaneous vs Reaction Speed

A

Delta G energy (net decrease in E happens spontaneously
vs
Activation Energy (smaller obstacles/hills mean faster reaction

68
Q

Enzymes bring reactant together, stabilize transition states, lower activation energy

A

Speed up reactions

69
Q

Competive Inhibtion

A

Substrate cannot bind because another molecule with very similar shape is competeing for access to the activate site

70
Q

Allosteric Inhibtion

A

Substrate cannot bind because another molecule has bound somewhere else on the enzyme and changed the shape of the active site

71
Q

Autotrophs vs Heterotrophs

A

“Self (auto)-feeders (troph)”, Use energy from the environment to produce organic compounds

“Other (hetero)-feeders (troph)”
Obtain organic compounds by consuming or eating other organisms

72
Q

Glucose Catabolism

A

Breaking down ingested glucose (sugar) to MAKE ATP (energy)

73
Q

Goal of Glucose Catabolism

A

Goal of glucose catabolism: Oxidize glucose to release energy to make ATP

74
Q

Glycosis vs Cellular

A

Glycosis- 1. First step of glucose catabolism 2. Glucose split into two 3 carbon molecules: pyruvates (2x)
3. Produces 2 ATP per glucose

Cellular- 1. Occurs if an inorganic electron acceptor available 2. Pyruvate is fully oxdized
3. If oxygen is the electron acceptor, aerobic respiration occurs (look at notes)
4. If another inorganic molecule (not O2) is the electron acceptor (sulfur or nitrate), anaerobic respiration occurs
(look at notes)

75
Q

Respiration vs. Fermentation

A

Cellular- 1. Occurs if an inorganic electron acceptor available 2. Pyruvate is fully oxdized
3. If oxygen is the electron acceptor, aerobic respiration occurs (look at notes)
4. If another inorganic molecule (not O2) is the electron acceptor (sulfur or nitrate), anaerobic respiration occurs
(look at notes)

Fermentation- 1. Occurs if no inorganic electron acceptor is available (no or low O2) 2. Pyruvate is reducted to regenerate NAD+ (electron carrier) 3. No addtional ATP produced but glycosis can continue because NAD+ is regenerated

76
Q

Steps of Cellular Respiration/ Aerobic

A
  1. Glycosis
  2. Pyruvate oxidation
  3. Citric Acid Cycle
  4. Electron transport chain (ETC) and Chemiosis
77
Q

Role of Electron Carriers (NADH and FADH2)

A
  • Electrons delivered to the ETC are used to produce a proton gradient
    -ETC and chemiosis produce most of the ATP during respiration
    -In this process, electron carriers are oxidized and can be reused
78
Q

Glycosis

A

-Occurs in cytosol
-Requires 2 ATP investment
-Produce 2 NADH, electron carriers—> deliever e- to ETC

79
Q

Pyruvate Processing

A

-Occurs in mitochondrial matrix
-Two pyruvates (3 carbon) oxidized to 2 Acetyl Co-A (2 carbon)
-Produce 2 NADH

80
Q

Citric Acid Cycle

A

-Occurs in mitochondrial matrix
-Acetyl-Co A (2 carbon) oxidized 2 CO2
-Produced per glucose (two cycle) 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2

81
Q

ETC Location

A

In the inner mitochondrial membrane

82
Q

ETC starts and ends with

A

Starts: 10 NADH
2 FADH2
Oxygen
Ends with: 10 NAD+
2 FAD
Producing: H2O and 23-34 ATP

83
Q

Chemiosis: Understanding and ATP Synthase

A

Chemiosis is the process of moving protons into the intermembrane space
From notes: Protons move from high concentration to low concentration through ATP Synthase—> Facilitated diffusion
Movement turns ATP Synthase to phosphorylate 25 to 34 ATP per glucose
Oxygen as terminal electron acceptor

84
Q

Fermentation: When, Where, Why?

A

Occurs in Cytosol
Happens when there is no terminal electron acceptor
O2 is low and ETC Stops

85
Q

Fermentation: Products and Reactants

A

Oxidize NADH to NAD+, reduce pyruvate
Ceates ethanol and lactic acid

Life 1010 (4 decks)

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