exam 2 Flashcards
Contractarianism
one ought to abide by those rules that rational moral agents would agree to observe when entering into a social relationship for their mutual benefit
The Veil of Ignorance was written by
John Rawls
The Veil of Ignorance states
- that to assure fairness, we must presume that the hypothetical rational agents negotiate an agreement from a perspective of complete equality
- thus they must be presumed to negotiate without knowing what benefits they will receive from the agreement
applied ethics
not a simple application of ethical theory
2 roles of applied ethics
1) not one theory clearly superior
2) ethical theories are tentative proposals
Normative Model: Agency Model
1) patient is competent to make judgments
2) Medical Practitioner follows directives of his/her patient
* *does not make sense in most cases**
Normative Model: Partnership Model
1) Medical Practitioner’s obligation is determined by mutual goals of health outcomes
2) patient and medical practitioner share common values
Normative Model: Contract Model
1) Medical Practitioner’s obligation is determined by explicit and implicit agreements
2) patient can protect his/her interests
Normative Model: Covenant Model
1) obligation to fulfill patient’s emerging needs
2) personal commitment of patient
Normative Model: Friendship (Collegial) Model
1) personal regard for their patients
2) commitment to patient
Normative Model: Fiduciary Model
1) seek the patient’s consent
2) Patient is incapable of making competent judgment
Normative Model: Paternalistic Model
1) Medical Practitioner has responsibility to make decisions in the interest of patient irrespective of parents’ wishes
2) patient is wholly incapable of making rational decisions concerning his/her interests
Beneficence overrides autonomy when
right of control cannot be exercised
lying
(1) knowingly stating falsehood with (2) the intention to deceive someone
simple deception
(1) acting in a manner that would tend to lead someone to adopt a false belief with (2) the intention to deceive
development of informed consent
(1) legal standards (case and statute law)
(2) ethical debate
use of informed consent
(1) therapeutic
(2) medical research
elements of informed consent: Competence
the ability to assess reasonably one’s interests, and determine reasonably how to promote them
reasons for doubting competence
(1) mental or emotional state
(2) effects of disease
(3) cognitive ability
(4) effects of therapy
(5) influence of 3rd party
elements of informed consent: Information
how much and what sort of information should be conveyed? how accurately is it interpreted?
elements of informed consent: Consent
is the consent voluntary?-free form coercion?
- physical coercion
- moral coercion (psychological coercion)
Ethical Justification: Principle of Autonomy
the right to control
Contractarianism was developed by
Thomas Hobbs
Principle of Autonomy
generally, people have the right to live their lives as they see fit, so long as doing so does not interfere with the correlative rights of others
