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cell physiology > exam 2 > Flashcards

exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

types of DNA damage repair

A
  1. base excision repair (BER)
  2. nucleotide excision repair (NER)
  3. DNA double strand break repair (DSBR)
  4. mismatch repair (MMR)
  5. single strand break repair (SSBR)
  6. interstand crosslink repair (ICR)
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1
Q

steps of DNA damage repair

A
  1. DNA damage recognition
  2. enzymatic removal of DNA lesions
  3. DNA synthesis
  4. DNA ligation
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2
Q

what are the two types of DNA double strand break repair?

A
  1. homologous recombination (HR)
  2. non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ)
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3
Q

what type of DNA damage repair is involved with multiple repair pathway?

A

interstand crosslink repair (ICR)

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4
Q

what DSB repair requires sister chromatid as template, is error free, and happens primarily in late S/G2?

A

homologous recombination (HR)

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5
Q

what DSB repair does not need sister chromatid as template, is fast and efficient, error prone, active throughout all cell cycle phases, predominant in mammals?

A

non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ)

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6
Q

during DNA replication, replication forks may stall when they encounter

A
  • secondary DNA structures,
  • repetitive sequences,
  • certain protein-DNA complexes, or
  • lesions generated by DNA damaging agents
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7
Q

what are the 3 major regulatory checkpoint in cell cycle?

A
  1. start/restriction point
  2. G2/M transition
  3. metaphase to anaphase transition
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8
Q

describe start/restriction point

A

point at which cells become committed to entering the cell cycle. depending on internal and external conditions, the cell can either delay G1, entering G0, or proceed past checkpoint

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9
Q

G2/M transition

A

ensures that the cell has undergone all the necessary changes during S and G2 phases and is ready to divide

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10
Q

metaphase to anaphase transition

A

control system stimulates sister chromatid separation

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11
Q

cell cycle

A

an ordered sequence of events that occur in a cell in the preparation for cell division

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12
Q

cell cycle is a 4 stage process in which the cell

A
  1. increases in size (G1 stage)
  2. copies its DNA (S stage)
  3. prepares to divide (G2 stage)
  4. divide (M stage)
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13
Q

what stages make up interphase (accounts for the span between cell divisions)?

A

stages G1, S, and G2

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14
Q

4 classes of cyclins

A
  1. G1/S cyclins
  2. S-cyclins
  3. M-cyclins
  4. G1-cyclins
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15
Q

what is responsible for recognizing and binding to the TATA box sequence in the DNA?

A

TBP (subunit of TFIID)

16
Q

what does transfer RNA serve as?

A

it serves as the adopter molecule that binds to a specific codon and brings with it an amino acid for incorporation into the polypeptide chain

17
Q

what is the most important cycle?

A

TCA (tricarboxylic acid)

18
Q

what accounts for over 2/3 of the ATP generated from fuel oxidation?

A

TCA

19
Q

how many ATPs does TCA generate from one glucose?

A

24

20
Q

how many ATPs does glycolysis generate from one glucose?

A

8

21
Q

only one type of fuel can enter TCA cycle

A

2 carbon acetate

22
Q

acetate cannot enter TCA cycle on its own. what is it carrier?

A

Coenzyme A (CoA)

23
Q

once acetate binds to CoA, it is called

A

acetyl CoA

24
Q

what needs to be converted to acetyl CoA before they can be utilized as fuel by TCA cycle?

A

glucose, fat, amino acids

25
Q

what cannot be used by TCA cycle without glycolysis?

A

glucose

26
Q

first cellular source of immediate energy in muscle is

A

creatine phosphate (CP)

27
Q

the second immediate energy source in muscle involves an enzyme called

A

adenylate kinase (which in muscle referred to as myokinase)

28
Q

how does insulin lower blood glucose?

A

insulin lowers blood glucose by increasing the rate of glucose uptake and utilization

29
Q

how does glycogen raise blood glucose?

A

glycogen raises blood glucose by increasing the rates of glycogen breakdown and glucose manufacture by the liver

30
Q

what phosphates glucose to trap inside the cell?

A

hexokinase (every cell) and glucokinase (liver)

31
Q

can phosphorylated glucose escape the cell?

A

no

32
Q

what are the 3 options for glucose after phosphorylation?

A

glycolysis (energy production), pentose phosphate pathway (NADH, nucleotide production), glycogen synthesis (storage)

33
Q
A

cell physiology (1 decks)

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