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Design Thinking For Transformation > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Period effect

A

Generational differences explained by:
-events, (9/11) circumstances, (pandemic) broad social forces (LGBT visibility) simultaneously impact everyone and have a lasting effect on the entire population regardless of age

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2
Q

Cohort effect

A

Explains generational differences with:
-byproduct of unique historical circumstances that occur during a formational age.
-unique to a certain age group
-cognitive consistency

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3
Q

Life cycle/age effect

A

Differences in generations explained by:
-the different parts of life that generations are at
-gen alpha are children
-boomers are senior
-gen x are middle aged
-millennials are adults
-gen z are young adults and teens

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4
Q

Sensual theories

A

-What the eye sees
-gestalt
-constructivism
-attract or repel visually

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5
Q

Perceptual theories

A

-concerned with meaning associated with things
-interpretations

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6
Q

Visual sensation vs perception

A

Sensation =
-raw data of 5 senses stimuli
-conveys no meaning

Perception =
-occurs after sensation
-meaning derived from sensual stimuli
-what is understood about the experience

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7
Q

Gestalt

A

-“the whole is greater than the sum of its parts”
-the eye takes in stimuli and the brain forms the image
-grouping

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8
Q

Grouping

A

-gestalt theory
-the method we use to interpret a visual
4 principals:
1similarity
2proximity
3continuation
4common fate

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9
Q

Proximity

A

-Objects near each other are seen as a unit
-grouping principal

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10
Q

Similarity

A

-similar items are grouped together
-visual interest is created with contrast

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11
Q

Closure

A

-Items are grouped together if they tend to complete a pattern
-implied line

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12
Q

Figure/ground

A

-images in positive/negative space
-perceive one at a time
-near/far

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13
Q

Simplicity

A

-upon first glance
items are organized into figures according to:
-symmetry
-regularity
-smoothness

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14
Q

Common fate

A

-objects moving in the same direction are viewed as a unit

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15
Q

Continuation

A

-objects arranged in either a straight line or a smooth curve tend to be seen as a unit

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16
Q

Constructivism

A

-eyes are in motion when looking at an image because the brain is building the picture by taking in quick focal fixations
-active approach compared to the passive gestalt

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17
Q

Icons

A

-look like what is represented
-easy to connect meaning

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18
Q

Indexical signs

A

-some logical or common sense connection to what they represent
-not an immediate connection to what is represented
-connections are learned
-ie. Smoke from car exhaust represents pollution

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19
Q

Symbolic signs

A

-most abstract
-not intuitive
-no representational connection to what they represent
-connection has to be taught
-personal associations
-stronger emotional connections
-ie, thumbs up, KKK robe, Nike check, Canadian flag, doves, olive branches

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20
Q

Metonymic code

A

-A group of signs that causes the viewer to make assumptions or associations
-rockwell Coca Cola ad with happy family = buying Coca Cola will give me a picture perfect family

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21
Q

Analogical code

A

-a group of signs that cause the viewer to make mental comparisons
-ie seeing faces in objects and comparing “smiley” faces and “frowny” faces :) :(

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22
Q

Displaced code

A

Codes that transfer meaning from one set to another
Ie. Cigarettes/canes as phallic symbols used by queer coded characters in Hayes code movies

23
Q

Condensed code

A

Several signs that are combined to form a new sign.
-images from outside the culture
-edited to mean something within the culture
-eclectic
-ie isis sex toy flag

24
Q

Cognitive approach

A

-Not gestalt
-person uses complex mental operations to derive meaning from what is seen
-memory
-projection
-expectation
-selectivity
-habituation
-salience
-dissonance
-culture
-words

25
Design principals
-proximity -alignment -contrast -repetition
26
Ways to contrast
-size -structure -weight -form -color -direction
27
Goals of design
-balance -emphasis -unity -proportion
28
Systems thinking
-holistic -flexibility -recognizing interconnectedness
29
Examine existing questions
-strategy for developing questioning skills 1. Listen to questions asked 2. Identify purpose of those questions 3. Gain awareness of how types of questions are used
30
Start small
-strategy for developing questioning skills -ask minor problem solving questions first -better understanding of broader issues
31
Work for understanding
-come to term with ignorance -seek clarity -what don’t I understand? -what can I do to better understand?
32
Evaluate questions based on responses received
Good questions = good answers -avoid judgmental questions
33
Resist premature closure
-strategy for developing questioning skills -question frustration -do not retreat to comfort zone -avoid cognitive consistency
34
Follow intuitive clues
-question your cut feeling/hunches to discover the logic behind them
35
Socratic method
-direction determined at beginning -progression towards conclusion -asking questions -responding to questions -questioning the response
36
Personal journalism
-questioning technique -record personal observations and thoughts -go back and analyze the material -self analysis/discovery -recognize patterns -leads to interesting questions and alternate viewpoints
37
Curious hundred
-ask 100 questions -get more profound over time -identifies a core beliefs -gain systemic perspective Broad concepts/ideologies > one-dimensional
38
Contrast technique
Start very far apart and work backward
39
Proximity technique
-squint to see blocks of info -adjust line spacing
40
Alignment technique
-ask “why?” -use grid/guidelines
41
Repetition technique
-review each page for consistency and repeated elements
42
Business learning style
-logical -analyze for efficiency/effectiveness -data driven -text driven -theoretical -statistical -left brained -telling -reasoning/logic > intuition
43
Left brain
-analytical -logical -linear -numerical -verbal
44
Right brain
-synthetic -intuitive -spacial -visual -touch -holistic
45
Commonality between business and design learning
-goal to be creative and innovative -doing actively
46
Design learning
-experimental -hands on -following guiding principals -general procedures -practical -showing -diverse faculty with various teaching styles
47
Personas
1.identify business/design issues 2.map out incorporation of data ie.focus groups. And create persona of target market 3.carefully craft and present persona in a way that makes sense to everyone 4.create plan for daily use of persona 5.evaluate success as a translation tool and rework when necessary
48
Rapid prototyping
-creates common language -creates what it “looks like” to explain how it “works like” tangible 3-d -encourages: Fluency Flexibility Elaboration -Facilitates: Communication Design growth -focuses on different key elements -prototype driven specs > spec driven prototypes -customer feedback
49
Prototyping rules
1. More is better (fluency) 2. Differentiate based on specific needs (flexibility) 3. Evaluate frequently
50
Guiding principals litmus test
-Emotional -does it “feel like” the brand? -would it feel different substituted or removed?
51
Error analysis
List all things that could go wrong when using a product and the causes
52
Hero’s journey
First act 1. Call to adventure 2. Refusal of the call 3. Meeting the mentor 4. Crossing the threshold Second act 5. Tests, allies, and enemies 6. approach the innermost cave 7. Ordeal 8. Reward Third act 9. The road back (fake out) 10. Resurrection (climax) 11. Return with the elixir
53
Pre layout prep
-Purpose/goal -audience/target market -location/region -brand/product personality -message

Design Thinking For Transformation (2 decks)

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