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z F1: Med Chem > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

A salt is a chemical reaction between

A

an acid and base

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2
Q

How is salt different from an ionized acid or base

A

it contains a counter-ion while an ionized species does not

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3
Q

Inorganic salts: counter ion is _____ carbon based
Organic salts: counter ion ____ carbon based

A

is not
is

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4
Q

Inorganic salts can only increase the solubility of what

A

lipids

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5
Q

If a salt is a cation what is the drug (counter ion is positive)

A

anion, acidic group

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6
Q

The ionic nature of the salt enhances ___________ and _________ of solid drug in water

A

solvation and dissolution

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7
Q

Organic salts can enhance solubility of what

A

water and lipids

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8
Q

All organic salts that are water soluble contain numerous ________ groups capable of H-bonding with water

A

polar

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9
Q

Lipid soluble organic salts contain substantial ________ ______________ that act to enhance lipid solubility

A

nonpolar hydrocarbons

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10
Q

Drug-drug interactions can occur if ______ drugs are mixed with _______ drugs and vice versa because they will react with each other to form a salt

A

acidic and basic

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11
Q

n-octanol has a ________ hydrocarbon chain and a _______ head group which mimics phospholipids

A

non-polar
polar

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12
Q

The ratio of the concentration of compound that was found in the n-octanol later to the concentration found in the water layer is called the

A

partition coefficient (P)

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13
Q

Functional groups that are polar but will not H-bond will have properties…

A

in between aqueous and lipid loving

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14
Q

Functional groups that are not polar, will interact well with ________

A

lipids

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15
Q

For an alcohol group, if there are ________ carbons per alcohol group the molecule will be water soluble

A

3 or less

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16
Q

Butyl alcohol has _________ and is marginally water soluble

A

4 carbons

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17
Q

Pentanol is not water soluble due to __________

A

5 carbons

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18
Q

The ability of _____ to solubilize 4 carbons can be extended to other functional groups to estimate their contribution to aqueous solubility

A

alcohol

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19
Q

When the amount of carbons solubilized is less than the total amount of carbons present…

A

it would not be water soluble

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20
Q

When the amount of carbons solubilized is equal to the total amount of carbons present…

A

it is on the borderline of being water soluble

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21
Q

What are the two things that enantiomers differ in

A

direction they rotate polarized light
how they interact with other chiral compounds

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22
Q

Equation for how to find number of isomers

A

of isomers = 2^n
n = # of stereoisomers

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23
Q

Each compound can have only 1 perfect mirror image = 1 _________________

A

enantiomer
*other stereoisomers are diasteromers

24
Q

Enantiomers interact differently with _____ and _____ receptors

A

Taste and smell

25
Q

Chiral drugs ______ bind stereoselectivity

A

Can

26
Q

Diastereomers are different molecules

A

They have different chemical and pharmacological properties
Can be separated easily

27
Q

Eutomer

A

Better fitting enantiomer (higher affinity)

28
Q

Disrobed

A

Lower affinity (lower potency) enantiomer

29
Q

Both isomers contribute _________ to the side effect

A

Equally

30
Q

The ______ are what enable the drug to bind to the receptor = target with potency and specificity

A

IMF

31
Q

Covalent bond have a delta G of -40 to -110 kcal/mol what does this mean

A

It has a very strong interaction and are irreversible

32
Q

Some specific ________ __________ form a covalent bond to their target

A

Enzyme inactivators
(Covalent bond must be broken to regain enzymatic activity)

33
Q

What kind of an agent causes molecules that transfer a carbon chain to covalently modify target

A

Alkylating

34
Q

Most drug target interactions are

A

Non covalent

35
Q

Ionic interactions delta G is -5 to -10 kcal/mol what does this mean

A

Less of a commitment so like an engaged couple

36
Q

What are the acidic AA and what charge will they have

A

Asp
Glu
Tyr
Cys
(Negative charge = anionic found at C terminal)

37
Q

What are the basic AA and what charge will they have

A

Lys
Arg
His
(Positive charge = cationic, found at N terminal)

38
Q

Hydrogen bond have a delta G of -3 to -7 kcal/mol per H bond what does this mean

A

Little to no commitment like casual dating

39
Q

H bonds have _________ _________ and weaken as atoms move too far away

A

Optimum distances

40
Q

H bond are highly ________ preferring to be co-linear

A

Directional

41
Q

To form new hydrogen bond with the target the hydrogen bonds with water must be ______ and then _______ with the target

A

Broken and reformed

42
Q

To enable hydrogen binding you must also have other ________ to get an overall increase in energy to have a favorable binding

A

Interactions

43
Q

Molecular dipole exists because positive and negative charges do not ______ in most molecules

A

Overlap

44
Q

Dipole moments is defined as the _____________ times ___________

A

Magnitude of the charge times the distance between them

45
Q

Dipole interactions have a -1 to -7 kcal/mol interaction what does this mean

A

Is a low commitment which is like causal flirting

46
Q

A dipole will orient itself around ____ ____ to maximize favorable interactions and minimize unfavorable ones

A

An ion

47
Q

In ion-dipole there are often several non-covalent interactions occurring at the ______

A

Same time

48
Q

Charge transfer is mediated by interactions between the _____________________ of a donor and an acceptor

A

pi electron clouds
(occurs between electron-rich donor molecules and electron-deficient acceptors)

49
Q

Donors are typically pi electron-rich aromatic rings with ________________ substituents

A

electron donating

50
Q

Acceptors are often pi electron-deficient aromatic rings with _________ substituents

A

electron withdrawing

51
Q

The range for charge transfer is -1 to -7 kcal/mol what does this mean

A

Weak interactions (like flirting)

52
Q

Cations can bind to pi face of an aromatic ring through a strong non-covalent force called

A

cation-pi interactions

53
Q

Pi electrons are localizes where on the plane of a ring

A

above and below

54
Q

Van der Waals are a significant force for what kind of groups

A

nonpolar that can not participate in other noncovalent interactions

55
Q

Ordered water = lower disorder = decreased _________ = unfavorable

A

entropy

56
Q

If nonpolar groups associate with each other instead of water then the water is _________

A

released
(water is then able to tumble in space, increased entropy, favorable)

57
Q

When non-polar groups associate, they gain van der Waals interactions and get how many energy contributions at the same time

A

2

z F1: Med Chem (3 decks)

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