Exam 2 Flashcards
Intermediate Filaments
Forms a scaffolding through the cytoplasm
Provided the cell with most of its strength/resilience
Helps cells keep from tearing
They bind to desmosomes
Cytoplasm
Region between the nucleus and plasma membrane
Cytosol
Fluid of the cytoplasm
Organelles
Cellular organs/ machinery
Cytoskeleton
Network of proteins that form a scaffolding and transportation
Mitochondria
Looks like a kidney bean
Functions as powerhouse of the cell
Makes most of cells atp
Contains enzymes and hay break down carbs,amino acids, fats, and o2 to make ATP
Ribosomes
Tiny organelles made up of proteins and RNA’s
They decide rna nucleotide sequences to produce new protein molecules
Ribosomes are made in the nucleus and transported to the cytoplasm
Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum
Lacks ribosomes (calcium)
Stores calcium ions (ca+2)
Ca2 is key to muscle cell contractions
Rough Endoplasmic reticulum
Has ribosomes bound to its surface
Takes up newly made proteins( from ribosomes) and modifies and folds them it them packaged the new proteins in vesicles and the vesicles are delivered to the Golgi apparatus
Golgi Apparatus
Resembles a stack of waffles
Takes new proteins from the rough er and places finishing touches/modifications on them. It then delivers new proteins to their function location within the cell or sends new proteins destined for extra cellular fluid in vesicles
Lysosome
Special vesicles filled w digestive enzymes (enzymes that break down proteins, fats, nucleic acids) they fuse with old/worn out organelles causing them to breakdown
Broken down chemicals are recycled by the cell
They also fuse with vesicles derived from endocytosis
Cytoskeleton
Three types of cytoskeletal elements/filaments
Microfilaments, intermediate, filaments, and microtubules
Microfilaments
Proteins that form, a scaffolding just beneath the PM
They give a rise to the cell shape
They give a rise to the microvilli (tiny fingers that stick out from the cell)
Epithelial tissues
Cells have two sides
Apical side - Faces away from the body of the Organ (faces the surface of the cavity)
Basal side - side that bound /attached to the organ
Epithelial tissues
Found on the surface/covering organs
Found lining organ cavities and body cavities
Form the bodies of glands
Avascular (doesn’t have blood cells)
Innervated has nerves wire to it, has the ability to regenerate (can heal it self to certain extent)
Chromatin
Made up of DNA bound to proteins during cell division, the chromatin packages tightly informs, rodlike chromosomes
Nucleolus
The dark region of the nucleus where ribosomes are made
Nuclear envelope
A.k.a. nuclear membrane
Lipid bilayer of phospholipids with large protein channels called “ nuclear pores”
Allows RNA, ribosomes, and certain proteins through
Microtubules
Relatively large tube shaped proteins
Form transportation networks/railway within a cell
Forms Cilia and whip like microbule bundles that stick out of certain cells
Cilia moves mucus across the surface of cells
Microtubules #2
Forms flagella: propeller like tail, found on the sperm cells
Form a mitotic spindle a.k.a. spindle fibers during the cell division
Chromosomes move along them
Simple
Single layer of epithelial tissues
Stratified
Multiple layer of epithelial tissues
Pseudo stratified
Single layer is epithelial cells that appear multi layered at first glance
Squamous cells
Flat tire like/fried egg shaped epithelial cells
Cuboidal cells
Cube shape
Columnar cells
Tall boxed shaped epithelial cells
Column shaped
Histology
The study of tissues
