Exam 2 Flashcards
What is Atherosclerosis?
Plague build-up in the systemic circuit which lowers blood to cells of the tissues in the extremities
Coronary Artery Disease
Plague build-up in the coronary circuit which lowers oxygen to the cardiac muscle cells
Hemodynamics
The physiology of blood flow
Why is blood flow necessary?
Necessary for the cells to receive nutrients like oxygen and glucose
How do you calculate pressure?
Pressure = Cardiac Output X Resistance
What is the relationship between resistance and cardiac output?
Inversely related, so if R goes up, CO will go down
What is the relationship between cardiac output and pressure?
Directly related, so if CO increases, R will increase
Pressure
Force that is exerted on the inner wall of the vessel; it is the push exerted on the tunica
What happens to pressure when the heart contracts?
Pressure increases
What is resistance?
Opposition to blood flow
What is blood viscosity?
How thick the blood is
What does high viscosity lead to?
High resistance which leads to high pressure
What does low viscosity lead to?
Low resistance which leads to low pressure
What changes blood viscosity?
Red cell mass, red cell deformity, plasma levels, amount of water, number of cells in the blood
What happens to blood viscosity when water levels decrease?
Blood viscosity increases
What happens to resistance as blood vessel radius increases?
As a vessel’s radius increases, resistance decreases
How does the sympathetic system affect vessel diameter?
Causes vasoconstriction; resistance goes up, pressure goes up
How does the parasympathetic system affect vessel diameter?
Causes vasodilation; resistance goes down, pressure down
How does blood vessel length affect resistance?
Greater blood vessel length, greater the resistance
What increases blood vessel length?
Increase in adipose tissue
How does obstruction of blood vessel affect resistance?
Increases resistance
Systolic Pressure
Pressure in the artery when the ventricles are contracting: top number
Diastolic Pressure
Pressure in the artery when the ventricles are relaxing: bottom number
What is mean arterial pressure?
Average pressure in the systemic circuit during a complete cardiac cycle
How do you calculate MAP (mean arterial pressure)?
MAP = diastolic pressure + 1/3 (systolic pressure-diastolic pressure)
What organ systems are involved in short -term regulation of blood pressure?
Autonomic Nervous System and Endocrine System
Short term effects of the Sympathetic Nervous System on blood pressure
Increases Heart Rate, Increases Stroke Volume, and causes vasoconstriction
Short term effects of the Parasympathetic Nervous System on blood pressure
Decreases heart rate, no effect on stroke volume, and causes vasodilation
Short term effects of the NE/E hormones on blood pressure
Increases heart rate, increases stroke volume, and increases resistance
Short term effects of the Thyroid hormones on blood pressure
Causes up-regulation of the receptors for NE/E, so it causes increase of heart rate, increase of stroke volume, and increase of resistance
Short term effects of Angiotensin II hormone on blood pressure
Most powerful vasoconstrictor; causes an increase in resistance
Short term effects of ADH on blood pressure
Increases resistance
Short term effects of ANP on blood pressure
Decreases resistance, causes vasodilation
What organ systems are involved in long-term regulation of blood pressure?
Endocrine and Urinary
Long-term effects of ADH on blood pressure
Increases reabsorption of water in the kidney, increases blood volume
Long-term effects of Angiotensin II and Aldosterone on blood pressure
Increases reabsorption of sodium in the kidney (water follows by osmosis), increases blood volume
Long-term effects of ANP on blood pressure
Causes excretion of sodium into the urine (water follows by osmosis), decreases blood volume
Erythrocyte
Red blood cell
What type of shape is an erythrocyte
Biconcave disc
Why are erythrocytes biconcave?
Gives the erythrocytes a large surface-to-volume ratio, which is critical for gas exchange
What is hemoglobin?
Proteins within erythrocytes that carry oxygen
What is a heme group?
An iron-containing compound that is bound to a polypeptide subunit inside a hemoglobin
Antigen found in Type A Blood
A antigens
Antigen found in Type B Blood
B antigens
Antigen found in Type AB Blood
A and B antigens
Antigen found in Type O Blood
Neither A nor B antigens present
Antibodies found in AB+ Blood
No antibodies found
Antibodies found in AB- Blood
Anti-Rh antibodies only after the blood comes into contact with the Rh antigen
Antibodies found in B- Blood
Anti-A and Anti-Rh antibodies only after the blood encounters the Rh antigen
Antibodies found in O- Blood
Anti-A, Anti-B, and Anti-Rh antibodies only after the blood encounters the Rh antigen
Antibodies found in A+ Blood
Anti-B antibodies
Antibodies found in A- Blood
Anti-B and Anti-Rh antibodies only after the blood encounters the Rh antigen
Antibodies found in B+ Blood
Anti-A antibodies