exam 2

Question 1

What is cardiac output

Answer 1

-stroke volume x heart rate
-normal ab 5 L/min

Question 2

What is the systemic vascular resistance (SVR)

Answer 2

-force opposing flow
-radius of small arteries & arterioles

Question 3

factors influencing blood pressure

Answer 3

cardiac
-heart rate, contractility, conductivity
sympathetic nervous system
-vasoconstriction, vasodilation
renal fluid volume control
-renin-angiotension-aldosterone system, natriuretic peptides
neurohormonal
-vasoconstrictors (angiotension & norepinephrine)
local regulation
-vasodilators (prostaglandins, nitric oxide)
-constrictors ( endothelin)

Question 4

What are the biological differences between men and women?

Answer 4

more common before 55 yrs old for men and after 55 for women. For women estrogen decrease, overproduction of pituitary hormone, & weight gain. for men myocardial infarction more likely than CVA

Question 5

Health disparities rt hypertension for black people

Answer 5

-highest prevalence worldwide
-females> males
-increase end-organ damage
-increase mortality
-less responsive to ACEI

Question 6

Health disparities rt hypertension for hispanics

Answer 6

-decreased awareness
-less likely to receive treatment
- lower rates of control

Question 7

facts rt hypertension in older adults

Answer 7

-over age 55=90% chance of developing hypertension
-physiologic changes contribute to HTN
-increased sensitivity to BP changes
-orthostatic hypotension common

Question 8

primary hypertension

Answer 8

-increased BP with no identifiable cause
-essential or idiopathic
- 90-95% of adult cases

Question 9

secondary hypertension

Answer 9

-increase BP due to specific underlying cause
- 5-10% of adult cases

Question 10

patho rt primary hypertension

Answer 10

-sustained increased systemic vascualr resistance (SVR)
-or increase cardiac output (CO)
-heredity, water & sodium retention, altered renin-angiotension mechanism
-stress: psychologial and physiologic, insulin resistance, endothelial cell dysfunction

Question 11

Symptoms rt secondary hypertension (if not asymptomatic)

Answer 11

-fatigue
-decreased activity tolerance
-dizziness
-palpitations
-dyspnea

Question 12

target organs rt to hypertension

Answer 12

cardiac
cerebrovascular
peripheral vascular
renal
retinopathy

Question 13

diagnostic studies rt hypertension

Answer 13

history & physical
blood pressure
urinalysis
BUN and creatine, GFR
serum electrolytes
serum lipid profile
ECG

Question 14

invasive method for blood pressure measurement

Answer 14

arterial catheter provides direct measurement

Question 15

Common diuretics?

Answer 15

thiazide, loop, potassium-sparing, adlosterone, receptor blockers

Question 16

what are inflammatory diseases of the heart

Answer 16

endocarditis, pericarditis, myocarditis, rheumatic fever, rheumatic heart disease

Question 17

What is infective endocarditis?

Answer 17

infection of endocardium and valves

Question 18

what causes endocarditis

Answer 18

staphlyloccus aureus and streptoccus virdians, other bacteria, fungi, and viruses

Question 19

Risk factors for endocarditis

Answer 19

prior endocarditis, prosthetic valves, valve disease, cardiac lesions, IVDA, intravascular devices, other procedures

Question 20

What are vegetations for infective endocarditis

Answer 20

firbrinm leukocytes, platelets, and microbes, adhere to endocardium and/or valves

Question 21

What are the systemic embolization for endocarditis

Answer 21

lesions on right-lungs, lesions on left-brain, kidney, spleen

Question 22

clinical manifestations rt endocarditis

Answer 22

“from jane”
fever, roth spots, osler nodes, murmur, janeway lesions, anemia, nail-bed hemorrhage, emboli

Question 23

interprofessional care for endocarditis

Answer 23

antibiotic prophlaxis
long-term IV antibotics
acetaminophen or ibuprofen
valve replacement

Question 24

complications rt endocarditis

Answer 24

cerebral emboli, pulmonary edema, heart failure

Question 25

pt ed rt endocarditis

Answer 25

oral hygiene & regular dental care
limit exposure to diseases
inform healthcare and dental providers of hx
reconginiaze early signs and symptoms of complications or reinfection
long term antibiotic therapy

Question 26

what is acute pericarditis

Answer 26

inflammation of the pericardial sac