EXAM 2 Flashcards
Bounded Rationality
A simplified approach to decision making based on perceiving and interpreting the essential features of a problem.
Satisficing
Seeking solutions that are good enough rather than optimal (more efficient, takes less time, may create more relevant solutions)
Intuitive decision making
An unconscious process created from distilled experience.
Intuitive decision making occurs outside ____________________ .
conscious thought.
Intuitive decision making relies on ______________________________ or links between disparate information
holistic associations
Intuitive decision making is ______________________, meaning it engages the emotions.
affectively charged
Ways which we can address bounded rationality to increase its effectiveness:
- ask to understand
- draw on multiple sources of information
- evaluate those sources of information
- leave enough time to decide
The rational decision making model assumes that the decision maker has _____________________.
complete information
The rational decision making model assumes that the decision maker can identify all relevant options without ______.
Bias
The rational decision making model assumes that the decision maker can choose the option with the ______________________.
highest utility
6 steps to rational decision making:
- Define the problem
- Identify the decision criteria
- Allocate weights to the criteria
- Develop the Alternatives
- Evaluate the alternatives
Select the best alternatives
Overconfidence bias:
The tendency to be over confident about our own abilities or the abilities of others.
There is a poor correlation between confidence and ____________.
accuracy
Anchoring Bias
A tendency to fixate on initial information.
Confirmation Bias
A tendency to seek out information that reaffirms past choices and to discount information that contradicts past judgements.
Availability bias
the tendency to base judgement on information that is readily available.
Escalation of commitment
an increased commitment to a previous decision, despite negative information
Risk Aversion
The tendency to prefer a sure gain of moderate amount over a riskier outcome (even if the riskier outcome has a higher overall expected gain)
Hindsight bias
The tendency to believe that you would have accurately predicted the outcome of an event after the outcome is known.
whistle blowers
people who report unethical behavior by their employer to outsiders.
behavioral ethics
examine why people behave the way they do when confronted with an ethical dilemma
Group think
The tendency to suppress dissent in group settings. People seek group harmony.
group think is most likely when a group is
1
2
3
- Cohesive
- there is isolation from dissenting ideas
- the leader signals what decision she favors
symptoms of group think- might and right
we have the power and we are right for making this decision (Iraq war is an example)
-Illusion of invulnerability/excessive optimism
-Unquestioned belief in group’s morality
symptoms of group think- Group members are being closed-minded when the they:
-seek confirmation bias or rationalization for why they are right
symptoms of group think- pressure towards uniformity
if people with __________________ are not heard, then groups might think “everyone is on board”
dissenting views
symptoms of group think- pressure towards uniformity
dissenting but quite group members might agree with the group , _________________ to avoid discomfort
self censoring
How to guard against group think:
the _____________ of the group should not endorse an opinion early on.
Leader
How to guard against group think:
Create a _________________ for others to express dissent
safe environment
How to guard against group think:
Assign a ________________.
devil’s advocate (make sure this position
rotates among group members)
How to guard against group think:
2nd chance meeting after preliminary decision where__________________.
doubts can be raised
How to guard against group think:
Subdivide groups
divide groups up and make one be pro and one against- regardless of their personal beliefs.
sampling on the dependent variable:
You can base decisions on success or failure alone. If you have data on failures, you must also look at data from successes.
Default bais
people require more information to change their mind once they have made a commitment (or accept the status quo)
We are less critical of information that supports our existing beliefs (I’ll believe it when I see it). This is called:
Motivated Reasoning
attribution theory
explains the way we judge people differently based on the meaning we attribute to their behavior. You are late because I think you are lazy, not because it’s possible there was traffic.
Contrast effect
perception can get distorted by other people- getting your performance evaluation after Mario will make you look worse than getting it after Gabe.
halo effect
drawing a positive conclusion about a person based on one positive attribute. He likes readying therefore he is smart
horns effect
drawing a negative conclusion based on a negative attribute: he smokes cigarettes therefore he is careless.
If a colleague is late to a meeting, and they are not normally late, we will tend to assume that they are late based off an _______________________ such as traffic.
external attibution
If a colleague is late to a meeting, and they are always late, we will tend to assume that they are late based off an _______________________ such as laziness.
internal attribution
The tendency to underestimate the impact of external factors and over estimate the impact of internal factors is know as the
fundamental attribution error
Perception is the way in which we
organize and interpret sensory information to give meaning to our environment
three factors that influence perception
factors in the perceiver
factors in the target
factors in the environment
factors that influence perception:
Attitudes
Motives
Interests
Experience
Expectations
Factors of the Perceiver
factors that influence perception:
Time
Work Setting
Social Setting
Factors in the Situation
factors that influence perception:
Novelty
Motion
Sound
Size
Background
Proximity
Similarity
Factors in the Target
Self-fulfilling prophecy
A situation where a person’s behavior is determined by others’ expectations, even if untrue
Self serving attribution
the tendency for a person to accept positive feedback but reject negative and attribute negative on their environment and positive on themselves.
Stereotype
typecasting a person based on superficial demographics. Judging based on perception of the group the person belongs to.
Recency Effect
People tend to recall more recent information. If you did well for 5 months and poorly for 1, the boss will remember the poor month if it was recent and that will counteract the 5 good months
Primacy effect
the tendency to remember the first piece of information and disregard the following information, even if it counteracts the first piece.
Similar to me bias
The tendency to choose people similar to you.
Stereotype Threat
the degree to which we are concerned that we will be judged by others based on our superficial demographics
social identification theory
considers when and why people identify as a member of a group
Social Identity
Ingroup
when an individual identifies as belonging to a group.
Social Identity
Outgroup
When individuals do not identify as belonging to the group
Social Identity
Ingroup favoritism
The tendency to favorite members that are in your group or people with similar characteristics over those in the out group.
This is what?
Punctuated Equilibrium Model
Conformity
Groups can put strong pressure on members to conform to the dominant opinion, which can impact a group’s effectiveness.
The following is associated with what?
leaving early
Intentionally working slowly
wasting resources
Deviant workplace behavior
Production
The following is associated with what?
Sabotage
Lying about hours worked
Stealing company property
Deviant workplace behavior
Property
The following is associated with what?
Showing favoritism
gossiping
blaming coworkers
Deviant workplace behavior
Political
The following is associated with what?
Sexual Harassment
Verbal Abuse
Stealing for other
Deviant workplace behavior
Agression
A _______________ is designed by an organization structure, with designated work assignments and established tasks.
Formal Group
group
two or more people coming together to achieve a certain objective.
Acceptable standards of behavior within a group that is shared by the group memebrs are _________.
Group Norms
Group Status
differences within status characteristics create hierarchies within groups.
Status Characteristics theory, status is derived from one of three sources:
The power a person wields over others
A persons ability to conform to a groups goals
an individual’s personal characteristics.
A person whose contributions are critical to a group’s success tends to have higher _________________.
This is a part of ________________________.
Higher Status
Status Characteristics Theory
Because they likely have control over group resources, people who control group outcomes tend to be perceived as having higher _________________.
Higher Status
Status Characteristics Theory
Someone whose personal characteristics (money, looks, personality) are valued by the group typically is perceived as __________________.
Higher Status
Status Characteristics Theory
High-status individuates are more likely to __________ when they have low identification (social identity) with the group.
Deviate from norms
High status individuals are better able to ______________________ than their lower status peers
resist conformity pressure.
Lower-status members of a group tend to participate less in groups which can result in ___________________. Leaders should encourage all members to voice their opinions and not let higher-status members dominate.
lower productivity
Group Cohesion
The degree to which members hold a shared bond, and are motivated to stay in the group.
Group Cohesion is more important in groups whose
work or outcomes are highly dependent on working together- not individual outcomes.
Group members tend to exaggerate their initial positions when given a set of alternatives to a solution. Happened in the Challenger case
Group polarization or Group Shift
Faultlines
3 Asian engineers partnered with 2 white marketing executives will more likely split into two groups based on fault lines (sub groups based on group demographics like age, race, profession)
Heterogeneous group
groups comprised of individuals from different backgrounds- generally can lead to conflict as people perceive the goals, outcomes, etc of the group differently
Homogeneous group
Groups comprised of individuals who are very similar- tend to be less creative and more cohesive.
three employees from different departments who go out to lunch together are an example of an
informal group.
an unwritten agreement between employees and employers establishing mutual expectations
Psychological contract
a ____ is a function assumed by someone occupying a given position within a group.
role
working married parents identify strongly with their family roles and and positively translate them into work roles, this is an example of
role perception
The way others perceive you should act in a given context is ______________.
role expectation
when professors are expected to be excellent teachers and researchers, this is an example of
role conflict.
Interrole conflict
A situation in which the expectations of an individual’s different, separate groups are in opposition
the tendency for an individual to to expend less energy in a group than they would alone is called:
social loafing
a work team generates _________________ through ______________.
positive synergy through coordination.
brainstorming can help over come the pressure of _________________ that dampen creativity.
conformity
When a group is together, but operate independently this is called ________________.
Nominal Group Technique
Nominal Group Technique 4 steps
1. Each member of the group______.
2. Everyone __________________.
3. the group ___________________ and _____________.
4. each group member __________ and ___________ the ideas
- independently records their thoughts.
- presents one idea to the group
- discusses each idea for clarity and evaluate them
4.silently and independently rank orders
What are the three types of process losses
Coordination losses
Motivation Losses
Ability Losses
inadequate interdependencies (mismatched strategies) result in
coordination losses
formal information systems are organizational solutions for ____________________ while
plan, practice, record and share best practices are Interpersonal remedies for _____________________.
Coordination Loss
Motivation losses come from 2 sources
social loafing - people exert less effort when in groups
sucker effect- people will do less to avoid pulling other peoples weight
an incentive structure that rewards individual performance is an organizational remedy for ______________________
motivation loss
interpersonal remedy for __________________ is provide feedback and recognition, build trust and group commitment
Motivation Loss
Decreased performance due to
evaluation apprehension or distraction is an example of
ability losses
______________ is when the presence of others facilitates performance on simple or well-learned tasks and hinders performance on more difficult tasks and is known as an ability loss 
social facilitation
formal training systems are an example of solutions for ________________ in organizations.
while Practice, Managing performance anxiety and creating psychological safety are interpersonal solutions for ______________
ability losses.
a team of employees in the same department who work together to improve the quality of products, efficiency, and the work environment are called _________________.
problem solving team
A team of employees who autonomously implement solutions and take responsibility for the outcomes of the solutions is called
Self Managed Work Team
A team of individuals from the same hierarchical level but from different departments is known as
Cross functional Team
to ensure virtual teams are successful managers should take three steps
- establish trust
- monitor progress
- publicize efforts of the team to organization
what 3 factors contribute to team effectiveness
composition
context
processes and states
____________________ is a factor which contributes to team effectiveness and is comprised of :
Abilities of members
personalities
allocation of roles
Diversity
Cultural differences
Team Size
Member preferences
Team Composition
____________________ is a factor which contributes to team effectiveness and is comprised of :
Adequate Resources
Leadership and Structure
Culture and Climate
Performance evaluation and reward systems
Technology/Virtuality
Interdependence
Crisis / Extreme Context
Norms
Team Context
____________________ is a factor which contributes to team effectiveness and is comprised of :
Common Purpose
Motivation
Team efficacy
Team Identity
Team Cohesion
Team Mental Models
Conflict
Social Loafing
Trust
Team Processes and State
Team Efficacy
A teams collective belief that they can succeed at their task .
Team Identity
A team members affinity for and sense of belongingness to their team
_____________________ occurs when members form a shared bond that drives them to work together and stay together as a team.
Team Cohesion
Relationship conflict is
conflict based on interpersonal relationships.
task conflict
conflict over the goals or content of the work being preformed.
a team characteristic of reflecting on and adjusting the master plan when necessary is called ______________.
Reflexivity
none
Potential Group Effectiveness is equal to
5 steps of teaming
Identify skills
Define shared goals
Brainstorm options
Make decisions
Move forward
__________ is teamwork on the fly without the benefit of a stable team structure. Requires getting up to speed quickly so that you can work together
Teaming
How can leaders create psychological safety?
Ask Questions
assert fallibility ( I am going to make mistakes and I need you to speak up when that happens)
frame work as a learning challenge
move can you motivate excellence while also working inside a psychologically safe space
set goals that are
meaningful
articulated
achievable.
how can we reframe failure so that it is not detrimental to teaming
- uncertainty and failure are related
- Set expectations about failure
- Each person plays a role
build great work relationships on the fly
- a blend of asking and telling
What are you hoping to achieve?
What knowledge/ background do you bring
What obstacles are you facing
What are the characteristics of effective teaming (from the LinkedIn Learning module on teams by Amy Edmondson)
- create psychological safety
-framework as a learning challenge
-assert fallibility- it makes you seem more confident/capable I might make a mistake and I need you to speak up when that happens
-ask questions- requires speaking up- Motivating excellence in a psychologically safe environment
-are goals meaningful? Articulated fully? Achievable? - Learn from failure
-reframing failure, small failures are a part of the path to success
1. uncertainty and failure are related
2. Set expectations about failure
3. Each person plays a role - Working across boundaries
build great work relationships on the fly - a blend of asking and telling
What are you hoping to achieve?
What knowledge/ background do you bring
What obstacles are you facing
- Motivating excellence in a psychologically safe environment
a ____________two or more individuals interacting and interdependent who have come together to achieve an objective.
group
A _____________________ interacts primarily to share information and make decisions to help each member perform within their respective area of responsibility. No need or opportunity to engage in collective work with joint effort- ___________________ is the summation of each member’s individual contribution.
work group
Group work
Prejudice is an
attitude representing broad, generalizing feelings towards a group.
Implicit Bias
Bias that might be hidden outside ones own perception
disrespectful treatment, including behaving in an aggressive manner, interrupting a person, or ignoring their contribution is known as
incivility
a process where people make sense of others by placing them in categories
Social Categorization
The idea that identities interact to form different meanings or experiences - such as being black, being a woman and being a tennis player individually will result in a different outcome than being a black female tennis player is known as
Intersectionality
Cultural Mosaic
the idea that people are made up of multiple characteristics and attributes that can be used to describe them.
