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NUR 422 Public Health > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a macroscopic approach vs microscopic approach?

A

microscopic looks primarily at individual level (e.g. bedside interventions), and macroscopic looks at the population and community issues

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2
Q

What is the Health Belief Model?

A

Examines individuals behaviors and what influences them. Individual must be motivated. Perception is important

Perception-Decision-Cue to Act-Self Efficacy-Action

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3
Q

What are the different perception problems?

A

Perceived susceptibility, severity, benefits, and
barriers

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4
Q

What is the Transtheoretical Model?

A

Also called the stages of change.

Precontemplation- contemplation-preperation-action-maintenace

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5
Q

What is the Socio-Ecological Model?

A

used to better understand human behavior. looks at the interaction with macro systems to the micro systems. Showing how society, community, and relationships effect the individual. Must intervine at ALL levels.
Very broad

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6
Q

What is the Diffusion of Innovation

A

The idea that and idea or product spreads through a population over time.

e.g. influencers on tiktok endorsing something and it will slowly spread through the population. (covid vaccine, reproduction health)

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7
Q

What are the different kinds of followers with diffusion theory?

A

innovators - early adopters-early majority-late majority- laggards

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8
Q

What are empowerment theories?

A

A community focused (MACRO) theory that examines social structures that cause certain groups that experience health disparities.

e.g. gender, racism, education, health literacy, class, LGBTQ+

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9
Q

What are 5 steps of the theory of change?

A
  1. Impact- the change you expect to see or identifying the problem (windshield survey)
  2. outcomes- the intended change or broader benefits of the work.
  3. outputs- the immediate results
  4. Activities- specifics of what needs to happen to make the change
  5. Input- what resources are needed to insure that activities are happening.
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10
Q

What is Health Communications?

A

the use of communication strategies to inform and influence individual decisions that enhance health. can be videos, social media, radios, etc.or organizations such as CDC or WHO

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11
Q

What is the purpose and goals of health communication?

A

increase the number of people who talk about their health, number of health departments or programs, increase health literacy, and increase health care providers who check their understanding

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12
Q

What are the steps of the health communication process?

A

-planning and strategy development
-Developing and Pretesting, Concepts Messages, and Materials
- Implementing the Program
-Assessing Effectiveness and Making Refinements

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13
Q

Describe the planning and strategy step in health communication

A

creating goals and how you plan to achieve your goals

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14
Q

Describe the Developing and Pretesting, Concepts Messages, and Materials step in health communication

A

Putting your goals into action and forming your program or product

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15
Q

Describe the implementation step in health communication

A

Actually implementing your communication product

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16
Q

Describe the assessing effectiveness and refining step in health communication

A

determining if your product works and adjusting as needed

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17
Q

What is health education?

A

any combination of learning experiences designed to cause voluntary behavior conducive to health in individuals, groups or communities

Can be cognitive, affective, or psychomotor domains

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18
Q

What are the different types of literacy?

A

Functional/Basic (reading and writing)
Communicative/Interactive (ability to understand use info)
Critical (ability to analyze and use info in real life)

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19
Q

How can you assess someones literacy?

A

Using REALM or NVS, assess barriers (e.g. glasses), don’t assume someone knows (e.g. teach back, clarification)

20
Q

How does health literacy impact health?

A

if someone doesn’t understand how to care for themselves or discharge instructions increases the risk of repeat care and complications

21
Q

What populations are at risk for low health literacy?

A

older adults, minoritized populations, low economic status, medically underserved, and recent immigrants

22
Q

What are the three learning domains?

A

psychomotor, affective, and cognitive

23
Q

What is the learning levels of Blooms Taxonomy?

A

Associated with cognitive domain (look at PowerPont pyramid, lol)

24
Q

What is REALM?

A

Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Medicine (short form)

give a person a list of medical words and have the read each word aloud, and is scored by how many they know. For each word they can say within 5 seconds they get a point

0 = 3rd grade or lower, will not be able to read and will need oral instructions
1-3 = 4th-6th grade reading level, will need low literacy materials and may not be able to read prescriptions
4-6= 7th-8th grade reading level, will struggle with patient education and won’t be offended with low literacy materials
7 = high school or higher, will be able to read most patient education materials

25
Q

Describe NVS

A

Newest Vital Sign

6 questions based off of a nutrition label

  1. If you eat the entire container, how many calories will you eat?
  2. If you are allowed to eat 60 grams of carbohydrates as a snack, how
    much ice cream could you have?
  3. Your doctor advises you to reduce the amount of saturated fat in
    your diet. You usually have 42 g of saturated fat each day, which
    includes one serving of ice cream. If you stop eating ice cream, how
    many grams of saturated fat would you be consuming each day?
  4. If you usually eat 2500 calories in a day, what percentage of your
    daily value of calories will you be eating if you eat one serving?

Pretend that you are allergic to the following substances: Penicillin,
peanuts, latex gloves, and beestings.
1. Is it safe for you to eat this ice cream?
2. (Ask only if the patient responds “no” to question #5) Why not?
24

26
Q

What are the formulas for identifying health literacy?

A

SMOG readability, and Flesch-Kincaid

27
Q

How is the LGBTQ+ community vulnerable?

A
28
Q

How can we provide affirming care to the LGBT+ community?

A
29
Q

What are the different types of biases?

A

stereotypes, blind spots, confirmation bias, affinity bias, groupthink

30
Q

What is stereotypes?

A

an oversimplified belief about a group of people

e.g.

31
Q

What are blind spots?

A

the tendency to recognize bias in others but not in yourself

32
Q

What are the confirmation bias?

A

the tendency to only remember facts that confirm your beliefs.

We believe what we want to believe

e.g. police focusing on one theory and not looking at evidence of other things

33
Q

What is affinity bias?

A

preferring people who are similar to ourselves

34
Q

What is group think?

A

doing what is easier and allows everyone to get along.

35
Q

What is psychological safety?

A

a climate where people feel safe enough to speak up and share concerns

36
Q

What is employee engagement?

A

how engaged an employee is in the purpose of the organization they are employed by

37
Q

What is a schema?

A

the process that our brain forms frames around ideas. Bad when we do this to people.

38
Q

What is absence of helping?

A

a form of hidden discrimination where you do not help others for a variety of reasons

39
Q

what is a stereotype threat?

A

someone is cautious of being stereotyped and may act out or avoid health care for that reason

40
Q

How to de-bias?

A

-changing the image of success
-using a habit breaking routine
- transparency
-create a welcoming enviorment

41
Q

what is cultural competence?

A

someone being aware of others beliefs compared to your own

42
Q

What is cultural humility?

A

a life-long process of self reflection and self critique to learn about others culture and examine ones own individual culture or beliefs

43
Q

What is microagressions?

A

are the everyday
verbal, nonverbal, and environmental
slights, snubs, or insults, whether
intentional or unintentional, that
communicate hostile, derogatory, or
negative messages to target persons
based solely upon their marginalized
group membership

44
Q

what are the three types of microaggressions

A

microassaults, microinvalidations, microinsults

45
Q

what is coded language?

A

word or phrase used in plac of another to communicate, that usually connected to stereotypes

e.g. “He is a thug” “She is always bossy” “They are too emotional to do this job”

45
Q

what can you do if you experience a microaggression?

A

use microaffirmations, assume positive intent, ask questions, acknowledge what happened, and be an active bystander

46
Q

what are factors that make certain populations vulnerable to poor health outcomes?

A

-miscommunication/health literacy
- fragmented care
-transportation issues
-financial means
-power dynamics
-prejudice/stigma
-historical distrust of the healthcare system

NUR 422 Public Health (1 decks)

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