exam #2 Flashcards
International regime
set of rules, norms, and
procedures around which the expectations of actors
converge in a certain issue area
collective security
formation of a broad alliance of most major
actors in an international system for the purpose of
jointly opposing aggression by any actor
core peraphary
world-system (“unit with a
single division of labor and multiple cultural
systems” [Wallerstein]) – one world, one
economy
rational actor model
Identify issues/problems and goals • Prioritize goals • Gather information • Identify all available options • Examine the alternatives and the outcomes • Choose a policy
psychological process
interfere with decision-making as it is described in the Rational Actor Model include: • Misperceptions/Selective Perceptions • Information Screens • Affective Bias • Positive or negative feelings • Cognitive Bias • Justification of effort - sunk costs • Wishful thinking - skewing odds
Bureacratic politics model
interfere with decision-making as it is described in the Rational Actor Model include: • Misperceptions/Selective Perceptions • Information Screens • Affective Bias • Positive or negative feelings • Cognitive Bias • Justification of effort - sunk costs • Wishful thinking - skewing odds
organizational process model
sees governments as conglomerates of
different agencies and organizations, each
addressing one dimension of a foreign policy
issue or problem according to its standard
operating procedures
incrementalism
Decision-makers pursue the safest policy (as
opposed to the best policy) and are more
concerned about avoiding disastrous outcomes than
they are about achieving the optimal outcome (=
muddling through strategy)
treaty of westphilia 1648
1) States acquire legitimacy through mutual
recognition
• 2) Religion no longer basis for war or for treaty
decisions
• 3) Territorial claims to be settled by treaties
between major powers
classical balance of power
preventing any one state from acquiring too much power.
hegemonic war
Seeking control over entire world order
• More likely today to result in global
annihilation than in past
total war
One state against another with goal to
completely defeat the enemy and replace the
vanquished state’s government
• Typically mobilizes all of society and all of
enemy’s society is legitimate target
limited war
Objective short of complete surrender of
enemy
•Includes single raids and low-intensity
conflict (repeated or tit-for-tat raids)
civil war
intrastate war between different factions
vying for control of state apparatus or for
dissolution/partition of the state
guerilla war
A technique, as opposed to more scope and
objective-focused nature of other type
definitions
individual cause of war
Individual level theories
• Rational decisions of national leaders, both
of whom decide more is to be gained from
war than in peace (WWI classic example)
• Realism
• Possibly flawed choices of leaders due to
information screens, cognitive biases,
collective nationalism (domestic pressure),
domestic causes of war
Societal characteristics • Capitalism = expansion (Marxists) • Communism = totalitarian • Problem is that societies change over time, so characteristics argument not solid
interstate causes of war
Power relations among major international
actors
• War more likely at times of hegemonic
transition or when power is fairly equally
distributed, as deterrence is lower
global causes of war
Cyclical K-waves, world order shifts or
economic cycles
Nationalism
“Devotion to the interests of one’s own nation
over others” - Shared identity, usually based on
culture and language
ideological conflict
Like religion, ideology is a rallying cry for support of
conflict
• Make similar appeal to core values and absolute
truth – classic example communism vs. capitalism
• Ideological claims for conflict historically harder
to sustain over time
• Tool for mobilization
• Can sharpen and intensify conflicts between
rivals
drug trafficking
Smuggling that deprives states of revenue and violates states’
legal control of their borders
• Smuggling generally an economic issue rather than a security
one
economic conflict
Economic competition is the most pervasive
form of conflict in international relations
because economic transactions are pervasive.
types of international conflict
Ethnic • Religious • Ideological • Territorial • Governmental • Economic
conflict of ideas
Most difficult types of conflict have intangible
elements such as ethnic hatred, religious fervor, or
ideology – all conflicts of ideas
asymmetric warfare
when the enemy doe not play by our rules
terrorism
acts against states and individuals to instill fear and terror
globalization
• A series of economic, cultural, and social
processes through which sovereign national
states are criss-crossed and undermined by
transnational actors with varying prospects
of power, orientations, identities, and
networks”
globality
The reduction and elimination of closed
spaces
•Time-space compression
•Increasing interconnection
globalism
The ideology of globalization •Concept that globalization is the natural end point of market liberalism •Idea that markets are inherently democratic, voluntary, and apolitical •Globalization, in this view, is both inevitable and beneficial
huntington’s cultural argument
• Differences real and basic: history, language,
culture, tradition, and religion
• Increased interactions among people increases
“civilization consciousness” and increases
likelihood of conflict
• Unlike class or ideology, cultural differences
are not mutable – esp. case w/religion
• Large civilizations include Western, Confucian,
Japanese, Islamic, Hindu, Slavic-Orthodox, Latin
American, and possibly African
International political economy
Looks at interaction between State and
Market - tensions and complements
• Also looks at States and other organizations
– especially IOs and MNC/TSEs
• We are interested in international/domestic
linkages – sometimes different
constituencies, and different preferences
IPE low politics
Early modern western economic theorists
believed politics and economics should be
separate (but were not) – hence Smith’s
advocacy of a laissez-faire approach instead
of mercantilism
