Exam 2

Question 1

What is the size of bacteria genome?

Answer 1

5 million base pairs

Question 2

Size of human genome?

Answer 2

3 billion base pairs (each cell has two sets so there are 6 billion in there)

Question 3

Prokaryotic cells are ____ and have a _____ shape to their chromosome

Answer 3

Haploid (single chromosome copy) circular molecule of DNA

Question 4

Small unessential circles of DNA in bacteria?

Answer 4

Plasmid

Question 5

Three types of important plasmids?

Answer 5

Fertility, resistance, virulence

Question 6

Bacteria are haploid whereas humans are?

Answer 6

Diploid

Question 7

Cells which can take fragments of DNA and add them to their own chromosomes are called? This process is called?

Answer 7

Process is recombination (also transformation) Cell is considered competent

Question 8

F plasmid is what? Cells containing this are called?

Answer 8

Fertility factor, cell is called F-plus cell

Question 9

Bacteria with F factor form what?

Answer 9

Conjugation pilus aka sex pilus

Question 10

What is the result of an F plus and F minus cell connecting via a conjugation pilus?

Answer 10

They both become F plus cells

Question 11

Hfr Cell. Why does Hfr stand for?

Answer 11

High frequency of recombination

Question 12

What happens when an Hfr cell combines with an F minus cell?

Answer 12

The F minus cell will leave with some new chromosomal genes from the Hfr BUT will remain an F minus cell.

Question 13

Transduction transfers DNA from one cell to another via what?

Answer 13

A replicating virus

Question 14

Which type of transduction involves the phage taking over the bacteria to make more of itself?

Answer 14

Specialized transduction

Question 15

Which type of mutation results in an altered amino acid sequence?

Answer 15

Frameshift mutation

Question 16

Which mutation is most detrimental of the following? Silent, Missense, or Nonsense?

Answer 16

Nonsense

Question 17

What are the three types if DNA repair?

Answer 17

Light, excision, and mismatch

Question 18

Which test uses an auxotrophic mutant of Salmonella to determine (as a first step) if a chemical is a carcinogen?

Answer 18

Ames test

Question 19

What extract is involved in an Ames test? Why?

Answer 19

Liver extract - to simulate the human body environment

Question 20

If a mutation in DNA existing enough to become ______ a mismatch repair enzyme can no longer fix it.

Answer 20

Methylated

Question 21

A ____ is a short sequence of DNA which attaches to the ____ prime side during PCR

Answer 21

DNA primer attaches to 3 prime side

Question 22

DNA polymerase adds bases to which side of DNA? 3 prime or 5 prime?

Answer 22

3 prime end

Question 23

What covalently links complementary nucleotides on DNA?

Answer 23

DNA polymerase

Question 24

PCR uses a DNA polymerase from what?

Answer 24

Thermophilic bacterium like that from “thermos aquaticus”

Question 25

What are the 4 types of DNTPs?

Answer 25

dATP, dCTP, dTTP, dGTP

Question 26

First step of PCR is called?

Answer 26

Denaturation

Question 27

What are the three steps of PCR

Answer 27

Denaturation, Priming, extension (Temperatures are 94C, 65C, 72C)

Question 28

During gene modification what are the ends of desired DNA chunks called?

Answer 28

Sticky ends

Question 29

What attaches the DNA sticky ends together?

Answer 29

DNA ligase

Question 30

A nucleic acid that delivers a gene into a cell is called a what?

Answer 30

Vector

Question 31

What are the three natural methods of inserting DNA into a cell?

Answer 31

Transformation, Transduction, Conjugation

Question 32

What is an artificial method for putting DNA into a cell?

Answer 32

Microinjection

Question 33

The F factor is a ____

Answer 33

Plasmid

Question 34

Small circular DNA molecules that replicate independently of the bacterial chromosome are called ______?

Answer 34

Plasmids

Question 35

The process of organisms replicating their genomes and providing copies to descendants is called?

Answer 35

Vertical gene transfer

Question 36

____ refers to the process of converting information in a gene into a polypeptide

Answer 36

Gene expression

Question 37

Converting DNA nucleotide sequence into RNA is called?

Answer 37

Transcription

Question 38

When a bacteriophage transfers DNA from one bacterial cell to another it is called?

Answer 38

Transduction

Question 39

Protein coat surrounding a virus?

Answer 39

Capsid

Question 40

Intact infectious virus particles are called?

Answer 40

Viroids

Question 41

Phospholipid covering of viruses?

Answer 41

Envelope

Question 42

Among viruses the envelope is made of _____ while the capsid is made of ______

Answer 42

Capsid is protein coat Envelope is phospholipid

Question 43

What part(s) of the virus is present in the intercellular state?

Answer 43

Just nucleic acid

Question 44

Capsids are composed of proteinsceous subunits called?

Answer 44

Capsomere

Question 45

What are viral spikes made of?

Answer 45

Glycoproteins

Question 46

What is the term for when infected bacteria cells may grow and reproduce normally while being infected with a phage?

Answer 46

Lysogeny

Question 47

Temporary phages are able to do what process?

Answer 47

Lysogeny

Question 48

What is the DNA of a phage that has been incorporated with the circular bacteria DNA called?

Answer 48

Prophage

Question 49

What are the stages of bacteriophage reproduction?

Answer 49

Attachment, entry, synthesis, assembly, release (lyse)

Question 50

After which stage does a bacteriophage cause the host DNA to break apart?

Answer 50

Entry

Question 51

What is the process which causes the prophage to split from the bacterial DNA?

Answer 51

Induction