Exam 2 Flashcards
What is the size of bacteria genome?
5 million base pairs
Size of human genome?
3 billion base pairs (each cell has two sets so there are 6 billion in there)
Prokaryotic cells are ____ and have a _____ shape to their chromosome
Haploid (single chromosome copy) circular molecule of DNA
Small unessential circles of DNA in bacteria?
Plasmid
Three types of important plasmids?
Fertility, resistance, virulence
Bacteria are haploid whereas humans are?
Diploid
Cells which can take fragments of DNA and add them to their own chromosomes are called? This process is called?
Process is recombination (also transformation) Cell is considered competent
F plasmid is what? Cells containing this are called?
Fertility factor, cell is called F-plus cell
Bacteria with F factor form what?
Conjugation pilus aka sex pilus
What is the result of an F plus and F minus cell connecting via a conjugation pilus?
They both become F plus cells
Hfr Cell. Why does Hfr stand for?
High frequency of recombination
What happens when an Hfr cell combines with an F minus cell?
The F minus cell will leave with some new chromosomal genes from the Hfr BUT will remain an F minus cell.
Transduction transfers DNA from one cell to another via what?
A replicating virus
Which type of transduction involves the phage taking over the bacteria to make more of itself?
Specialized transduction
Which type of mutation results in an altered amino acid sequence?
Frameshift mutation
Which mutation is most detrimental of the following? Silent, Missense, or Nonsense?
Nonsense
What are the three types if DNA repair?
Light, excision, and mismatch
Which test uses an auxotrophic mutant of Salmonella to determine (as a first step) if a chemical is a carcinogen?
Ames test
What extract is involved in an Ames test? Why?
Liver extract - to simulate the human body environment
If a mutation in DNA existing enough to become ______ a mismatch repair enzyme can no longer fix it.
Methylated
A ____ is a short sequence of DNA which attaches to the ____ prime side during PCR
DNA primer attaches to 3 prime side
DNA polymerase adds bases to which side of DNA? 3 prime or 5 prime?
3 prime end
What covalently links complementary nucleotides on DNA?
DNA polymerase
PCR uses a DNA polymerase from what?
Thermophilic bacterium like that from “thermos aquaticus”
What are the 4 types of DNTPs?
dATP, dCTP, dTTP, dGTP
First step of PCR is called?
Denaturation
What are the three steps of PCR
Denaturation, Priming, extension
(Temperatures are 94C, 65C, 72C)
During gene modification what are the ends of desired DNA chunks called?
Sticky ends
What attaches the DNA sticky ends together?
DNA ligase
A nucleic acid that delivers a gene into a cell is called a what?
Vector
What are the three natural methods of inserting DNA into a cell?
Transformation, Transduction, Conjugation
What is an artificial method for putting DNA into a cell?
Microinjection
The F factor is a ____
Plasmid
Small circular DNA molecules that replicate independently of the bacterial chromosome are called ______?
Plasmids
The process of organisms replicating their genomes and providing copies to descendants is called?
Vertical gene transfer
____ refers to the process of converting information in a gene into a polypeptide
Gene expression
Converting DNA nucleotide sequence into RNA is called?
Transcription
When a bacteriophage transfers DNA from one bacterial cell to another it is called?
Transduction
Protein coat surrounding a virus?
Capsid
Intact infectious virus particles are called?
Viroids
Phospholipid covering of viruses?
Envelope
Among viruses the envelope is made of _____ while the capsid is made of ______
Capsid is protein coat
Envelope is phospholipid
What part(s) of the virus is present in the intercellular state?
Just nucleic acid
Capsids are composed of proteinsceous subunits called?
Capsomere
What are viral spikes made of?
Glycoproteins
What is the term for when infected bacteria cells may grow and reproduce normally while being infected with a phage?
Lysogeny
Temporary phages are able to do what process?
Lysogeny
What is the DNA of a phage that has been incorporated with the circular bacteria DNA called?
Prophage
What are the stages of bacteriophage reproduction?
Attachment, entry, synthesis, assembly, release (lyse)
After which stage does a bacteriophage cause the host DNA to break apart?
Entry
What is the process which causes the prophage to split from the bacterial DNA?
Induction
