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BSC 6300 ICM > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the size of bacteria genome?

A

5 million base pairs

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2
Q

Size of human genome?

A

3 billion base pairs (each cell has two sets so there are 6 billion in there)

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3
Q

Prokaryotic cells are ____ and have a _____ shape to their chromosome

A

Haploid (single chromosome copy) circular molecule of DNA

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4
Q

Small unessential circles of DNA in bacteria?

A

Plasmid

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5
Q

Three types of important plasmids?

A

Fertility, resistance, virulence

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6
Q

Bacteria are haploid whereas humans are?

A

Diploid

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7
Q

Cells which can take fragments of DNA and add them to their own chromosomes are called? This process is called?

A

Process is recombination (also transformation) Cell is considered competent

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8
Q

F plasmid is what? Cells containing this are called?

A

Fertility factor, cell is called F-plus cell

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9
Q

Bacteria with F factor form what?

A

Conjugation pilus aka sex pilus

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10
Q

What is the result of an F plus and F minus cell connecting via a conjugation pilus?

A

They both become F plus cells

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11
Q

Hfr Cell. Why does Hfr stand for?

A

High frequency of recombination

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12
Q

What happens when an Hfr cell combines with an F minus cell?

A

The F minus cell will leave with some new chromosomal genes from the Hfr BUT will remain an F minus cell.

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13
Q

Transduction transfers DNA from one cell to another via what?

A

A replicating virus

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14
Q

Which type of transduction involves the phage taking over the bacteria to make more of itself?

A

Specialized transduction

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15
Q

Which type of mutation results in an altered amino acid sequence?

A

Frameshift mutation

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16
Q

Which mutation is most detrimental of the following? Silent, Missense, or Nonsense?

A

Nonsense

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17
Q

What are the three types if DNA repair?

A

Light, excision, and mismatch

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18
Q

Which test uses an auxotrophic mutant of Salmonella to determine (as a first step) if a chemical is a carcinogen?

A

Ames test

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19
Q

What extract is involved in an Ames test? Why?

A

Liver extract - to simulate the human body environment

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20
Q

If a mutation in DNA existing enough to become ______ a mismatch repair enzyme can no longer fix it.

A

Methylated

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21
Q

A ____ is a short sequence of DNA which attaches to the ____ prime side during PCR

A

DNA primer attaches to 3 prime side

22
Q

DNA polymerase adds bases to which side of DNA? 3 prime or 5 prime?

A

3 prime end

23
Q

What covalently links complementary nucleotides on DNA?

A

DNA polymerase

24
Q

PCR uses a DNA polymerase from what?

A

Thermophilic bacterium like that from “thermos aquaticus”

25
Q

What are the 4 types of DNTPs?

A

dATP, dCTP, dTTP, dGTP

26
Q

First step of PCR is called?

A

Denaturation

27
Q

What are the three steps of PCR

A

Denaturation, Priming, extension
(Temperatures are 94C, 65C, 72C)

28
Q

During gene modification what are the ends of desired DNA chunks called?

A

Sticky ends

29
Q

What attaches the DNA sticky ends together?

A

DNA ligase

30
Q

A nucleic acid that delivers a gene into a cell is called a what?

A

Vector

31
Q

What are the three natural methods of inserting DNA into a cell?

A

Transformation, Transduction, Conjugation

32
Q

What is an artificial method for putting DNA into a cell?

A

Microinjection

33
Q

The F factor is a ____

A

Plasmid

34
Q

Small circular DNA molecules that replicate independently of the bacterial chromosome are called ______?

A

Plasmids

35
Q

The process of organisms replicating their genomes and providing copies to descendants is called?

A

Vertical gene transfer

36
Q

____ refers to the process of converting information in a gene into a polypeptide

A

Gene expression

37
Q

Converting DNA nucleotide sequence into RNA is called?

A

Transcription

38
Q

When a bacteriophage transfers DNA from one bacterial cell to another it is called?

A

Transduction

39
Q

Protein coat surrounding a virus?

A

Capsid

40
Q

Intact infectious virus particles are called?

A

Viroids

41
Q

Phospholipid covering of viruses?

A

Envelope

42
Q

Among viruses the envelope is made of _____ while the capsid is made of ______

A

Capsid is protein coat
Envelope is phospholipid

43
Q

What part(s) of the virus is present in the intercellular state?

A

Just nucleic acid

44
Q

Capsids are composed of proteinsceous subunits called?

A

Capsomere

45
Q

What are viral spikes made of?

A

Glycoproteins

46
Q

What is the term for when infected bacteria cells may grow and reproduce normally while being infected with a phage?

A

Lysogeny

47
Q

Temporary phages are able to do what process?

A

Lysogeny

48
Q

What is the DNA of a phage that has been incorporated with the circular bacteria DNA called?

A

Prophage

49
Q

What are the stages of bacteriophage reproduction?

A

Attachment, entry, synthesis, assembly, release (lyse)

50
Q

After which stage does a bacteriophage cause the host DNA to break apart?

A

Entry

51
Q

What is the process which causes the prophage to split from the bacterial DNA?

A

Induction

BSC 6300 ICM (2 decks)

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