Exam 2 Flashcards
why social policy for family is hard to develop
-Inconsistent and contradictory. Long term outcomes depend on how family and family issues are defined. Political ideology plays a role in how family issues are defined.
Marriage
a contract or union of spouses who pair a bond for the purpose of psychological & sexual intimacy and cooperate to share resources and may have offspring or adopted children
Family
a group consisting of two or more persons residing in the same household who are related biologically or by adoption
Arguments For DOMA
marriage is an essential component and same- sex marriage undermines this foundation (marriage seen for reproduction)
best option for the children (traditional opinion)
same-sex marriage will always be considered an alternate family form
marriage is a privilege not a civil right
Arguments against DOMA
It is a biased law that perpetuates inequitable relationships and myths about gay & lesbian relationships
Unconstitutional and not based on research
marriage has not always been defined as a union between a man and a woman
inappropriate to link marriage with religious beliefs
research supporting traditional definition is flawed
marriage benefits same-sex couples economically & psychologically
Parental Rights Amendment
movement to protect children from governmental policies that might be contradictory to parental values
Discriminative Parental Solitude
Automatic Adoption
stepparent automatically adopts a child as soon as the couple marries
Facts about adoption
-Only 10-15% are adopted, children in foster care have many challenges, preference for reunification with biological family (family preservation is priority), unwed fathers have limited adoption rights (preference for mother makes it hard for father to gain rights)
-Traditional view of adoption: children have a right to a mother and a father (against LGBTQ+)
Cohabitation
when two adults live together as a couple but are not married
-Step towards marriage vs. alternative to marriage
-An alternative to single hood
Physical Abuse
damage to the child inflicted by the parent or caregiver that causes physical injury (intentional or accidental)
Symptoms of Physical Abuse
black eyes and facial bruises, broken bones that would appear to be non-accidental, bruise marks in the shapes of objects or fingers, bruises in unusual places, damage to the head, burns that differ from splashes, choke marks on the neck, Cigarette burns, marks around the wrists or ankles, bite marks, and whelp marks
Effects of Physical Abuse
disruptions in brain development, memory and emotional responses are impacted, lower IQ, Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), visual & attention issues, behavioral changes in mood and compliance, avoid being home, absences from school, and inappropriate peer relationships
Neglect
Symptoms of Neglect
vitamin deficiencies, tooth decay, worn or poorly sized clothes, chronic hunger, lack proper hygiene, fatigued & low energy, lack of adult supervision, and exposure to dangerous situations.
Effects of Neglect
attachment in infancy (anxious attachment), failure to thrive, reduced brain growth due to lack of nutrition, cognitive & language delays, lack of trust in intimate relationships, lack of confidence & social competence, low self-esteem, juvenile delinquency, drug & alcohol abuse, poor academic achievement, global neglect: deficits in several areas
Emotional abuse
harmful interaction pattern with the parent without physical contact (difficult to define)
Effects of Emotional abuse
cognitive deficiencies in processing information, lower education levels, criminal behavior, mental & emotional maladjustment, self harm due to verbal abuse (not always direct; bottled up emotions)
Symptoms of sexual abuse
decreased ability to trust others, blaming oneself, identity problems, fear & anxiety, sexually acting out
Effects of sexual abuse
PTSD, depression, anxiety, lower self-esteem & self-worth, survivors shame, eating disorders, lack of sleep, poor peer relationships, altered genetic material, natural development of sexual behavior is interrupted (earlier sexual behavior)
Effects of corporal punishment
-Oldest form of punishment (way to gain control)
-Highly correlated with abuse
-Affects brain development, mental and emotional health (lower levels of IQ, brain disorders, etc.)
-Affects relationship with caregivers (no respect, feel unsafe, etc.)
-Conditional spanking may not have same side effects (spanked immediately after non-compliant behavior, open-hand spanks, explain reason for punishment; this teaching/correcting not commonly seen)
-Sex trafficker
: anyone who uses or exploits children to engage in sexual behavior (transported across US)
Effects of sex trafficking
anxiety, depression, substance use/abuse, dissociative disorders, poor decision making, relationships dysfunction
Megan’s Law
allow for registration of sex offenders and community notification of their residences
Jessica’s Law
made lewd acts against a child under 12 a life felony, established mandatory sentences of 25 years, and lifetime monitoring and probation (originated in Florida)
Civil commitment laws
provisions that can retain offenders indefinitely or institute monitoring and restrictions for life
4 stages of disclosure
Denial, Disclosure, Recantation, and Reaffirmation
Systems/dialectical perspective on child abuse and neglect
-Abuse reflects dysfunctional systems
Research and treatment must take a holistic approach
Family, larger system at place (poverty, poor education system, etc.)
-Reveal/Conceal contradiction
You want to disclose so the abuse will stop
Shame, guilt, fear about what the disclosure will mean
-Full disclosure may never occur because of the opposing force of concealment
-Disclosure is not linear
(Support and never 2nd guess
Domestic abuse
-Adult-partnered abuse- physical, sexual, emotional, economic and psychological (occurs within relationships of domestic violence)
Domestic abuse trends
-1:3 women and 1:4 men are victims of intimate partner violence (IPV); very common
-More than 50% of those who have experienced psychological abuse experienced it before their 25th birthday
-IPV occurs most often at home in the evening
-Women who are separated, living in urban areas more likely to be victimized
-Receiving services from a shelter reduced the rate of abuse
male victimization and why it is hard for males to report domestic violence when they are the victims
-Tends to go unnoticed
-Less likely to seek help and admit abuse
-Abuse tends to be minimized (female thought as less harmful)
-Women less likely to be prosecuted (due to lack of thought severity)
-Belief that female perpetrators act in response to male violence (self defense)
Various theories for the cause of domestic violence
-Men exerting control as a result of society privileging men (conflict theory, power/control wheel, patriarchy; men superior & dominating women)
-Batters are mentally ill or have anger management problems
-Early trauma
-Learned helplessness
-Abuse occurs within relationships (systems theory)
effects of domestic violence on children
-Children are affected behaviorally, emotionally, and socially
-Problems extend into adulthood (e.g. depression)
-Cognitive deficits are also observed
The systems/dialectical perspective of domestic violence
-Advocates for the status quo vs. a boarder view of domestic violence (need conflict & contradiction to generate new ways of thinking)
-Deplore sexism and any other belief system that contributes to female battering
-Support means of reducing the effects of violence in homes and society (have to look at how violence effects larger society)
-Acknowledging intimacy problems as an underlying cause of violence (not gender focus and how do we resolve & improve relationships)
The role of the Federal Communication Commission (FCC)
-Controls the content that is placed on Television
Television effects:
linked to obesity, aggressive behavior, stereotyped social & gender behaviors, riskier sexual behavior, proclivity for sexual addiction and engaging in sexual violence, low self-esteem and body image concerns, academic concerns, intimacy problems
Video games effects
negative- poor self-esteem, depression, decreases social competency, academic problems, impacted moral development; positive- improved visual/spatial functioning, improved problem solving & critical/logical thinking, improve vocabulary & reading & technology skills
Cell phones, IPads, IPods effects:
brain tumors & cancer, improve self-efficacy for underperforming students, increased math and science scores
Sexting
interacting through mobile devices in a sexually explicit way, which may involve both written language and images
Concerns about Sexting
-Usually more of a problem with peers than strangers
-Bullying, obscenity, and violence often accompany
-Nude images of children are illegal
-Boys engage in sexting more often (also blackmailed more)
Children’s Television Act
established minimum hours for children’s programming to meet their educational and informational needs (at least 3hrs per week), greater control over advertising and limited program-length programming, restricted posting website address that carried only advertising content
Children’s Internet Protection Act
required schools and libraries to monitor & restrict internet and online safety (child safe guards and teach appropriate internet & online safety)
various sides of the social media debate
Race
describing physical, biological traits, such as hair texture and skin color
Ethnicity
cultural identification such as national origin, language, religion, etc.
Black experience
14% of population
Moynihan’s report (first major publications concerning black families as it focused on violence, poverty
family breakdown and single parenthood)
Freeman’s Bureau (aided family reunification after the Civil War
Asian experience
7% of population (Chinese, Japanese, Filipino, Indian, Vietnamese, and Korean)
more likely to live in multigenerational families
Model minority: minority group that achieves a higher educational, economical, and family stability than others)
oppression & discrimination built up more
sets up Asian families for failure (these expectations can cause additional pressure)
Latino/Hispanic experience
19% of US population
fastest growing number of children in US
Acculturation(= process of learning and incorporating the values of the new country)
family members acculturate at different rates which can cause family stress
Native American experience
2% of population
30% reservations or in government-designated areas
family concerns (lack of employment, alcohol use/abuse, lack of quality healthcare, loss of cultural traditions as a result of living off reservations & hard when one acculturates)
Legal immigration policy
-Job related skills (better access to higher paying jobs; encouraged/invites)
-Bringing families together (reunite; popular)
-Increasing diversity (expose diverse ways of thinking)
-Providing safety for refugees (provide resources & safety; country at war/attack or poverty)
For Legal immigration policy debate
good for the economy, positive citizens, too many to deport, disrupt families, damage workforce
Against Legal immigration policy debate
take away jobs and health resources, misuse welfare system, overburden schools, increase in crime involving drugs and sex trafficking
For Affirmative Action
increased diversity (diverse forms of overthinking, learn & work better), compensation for wrongs of discrimination and institutional racism (equals out playing field & more access), opportunities for upward mobility in marginalized communities (being able to access college & high paying job to get out of poverty), hold universities & employers accountable (having quota of groups keep them accountable for hiring)
Against Affirmative Action
mostly benefits middle & upper-middle class, discriminated against poor whites & Asians and qualified students are denied school admission (can’t reunify discrimination through discrimination), does not actually stop racism/discrimination at the institutions, the qualifications of those accepted/hired will be questioned (only got accepted because of x group; accepting just to meet the quota)
Polarization of social issues
debate of social policies driven by opposing ideological camps (liberal vs conservative)
Reasons of Polarization of social issues
our need to categorize voters by political party
those who vote are the most vocal and polarized
candidates reflect these polarized voters, voting districts are homogeneous (live near people w/ similar beliefs)
to maintain your position you have to cater to the voters who put you in office
media influences your personal beliefs (eco-chamber= being fed content that fits your beliefs)
laws are passed without input from the other party (group of people who think same and pass for own agenda)
lack of information (only one-sided), different moral judgements, intuition is used in decision making
Dialogue
groups come together and voice their viewpoints (a prerequisite for deliberation)
Deliberation
: a process of formulating a problem-solving analysis and moving toward solutions solutions)
Conceptualize the systems/dialectical perspective of polarization
Polarization reduces our capacity for divergent thinking (only think about our needs and see one solution)
-Illusion of explanatory depth (think we can explain why these several problems exist or solution best, can’t because don’t understand enough about political processes & nuances of issues)
Steps in the systems/dialectical position
-Realize that you don’t know what you think you know (humble self & open-mindedness)
-Respect the opposing view gate hate is not an opposing view (viewpoint with hate isn’t something needed to be respected)
-Mutual cooperation
-Challenge your own view with the same rigor as the opposing view
Unity of opposites
interconnected and connected exist without the other
Deliberative democracy
members are confronted with a social dilemma to solve and come together to dialogue about possible solutions
